{"id":1233,"date":"2021-03-30T13:54:46","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T13:54:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=1233"},"modified":"2026-04-14T08:30:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T08:30:10","slug":"three-phase-pv-inverter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter","title":{"rendered":"Three-phase PV inverter for grid-tied applications"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Downloads\" >Downloads<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Implementation-of-a-GUI\" >Implementation of a GUI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Control-implementation-of-the-three-phase-PV-inverter\" >Control implementation of the three-phase PV inverter<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Grid-side-control\" >Grid-side control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#PV-side-control\" >PV-side control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Precharge-and-operation-state-machines\" >Precharge and operation state machines<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Simulation-results-of-the-three-phase-PV-inverter\" >Simulation results of the three-phase PV inverter<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#MATLAB-Simulink\" >MATLAB Simulink<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#HIL-simulation-results\" >HIL simulation results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Quick-start-guide-for-operating-the-three-phase-PV-inverter\" >Quick-start guide for operating the three-phase PV inverter<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Required-hardware\" >Required hardware<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#IO-signals\" >I\/O signals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Start-up-procedure\" >Start-up procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\/#Operating-the-GUI\" >Operating the GUI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>This example implements the control for a three-phase PV inverter. Such a system can be typically found in small industrial photovoltaic facilities, which are directly connected to the low voltage power grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The presented system implements a dual-stage conversion structure, using a boost DC\/DC stage in order to raise the voltage of the PV panel to an intermediate DC bus, as well as a conventional DC\/AC <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-voltage-source-inverter\">Three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)<\/a> for the connection to the grid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As such, the system is similar to that of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/single-phase-pv-inverter-with-fictive-axis-emulation\">AN003<\/a>, except that the inverter is a three-phase variant.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/schematic-1024x328.png\" alt=\"Electrical schematic of the three-phase PV inverter system\" class=\"wp-image-9014\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:691px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/schematic-1024x328.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/schematic-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/schematic-768x246.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/schematic.png 1418w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Electrical schematic of the three-phase PV inverter system<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-downloads\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Downloads\"><\/span>Downloads<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Two sets of files are proposed, suitable for implementing the control and simulating its behavior in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/simulink.html\">MATLAB Simulink<\/a>&nbsp;or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/plecs\">Plexim PLECS<\/a> environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">The plant model is built with the Imperix Power library for fast and accurate simulation of imperix power products. For more information on the Imperix Power library, please read <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/getting-started-with-imperix-power-library\">PN150 &#8211; Getting started with Imperix Power library<\/a>.<br>Imperix Power library requires ACG SDK 2024.2 or a later version. To update the ACG SDK, please go to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/downloads\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">imperix.com\/downloads\/<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Simulink model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006-Central_PV_inverter_Simulink_powerlib_v4.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>Central_PV_inverter_Simulink_v4.zip<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1875\" height=\"1001\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006_Screenshot_Simulink_CTRL.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34229\" style=\"width:393px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN006: Central PV inverter (three-phase, grid-tied) &gt; Model_Simulink.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006_Screenshot_Simulink_CTRL.png 1875w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006_Screenshot_Simulink_CTRL-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006_Screenshot_Simulink_CTRL-1024x547.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006_Screenshot_Simulink_CTRL-768x410.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006_Screenshot_Simulink_CTRL-1536x820.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1875px) 100vw, 1875px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>PLECS model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006-Central_PV_inverter_PLECS_powerlib_v4.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>Central_PV_Inverter_PLECS_v4.zip<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1265\" height=\"789\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Screenshot_PLECS_CTRL.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34230\" style=\"width:349px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN006: Central PV inverter (three-phase, grid-tied) &gt; image2020-10-13_11-55-24.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Screenshot_PLECS_CTRL.png 1265w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Screenshot_PLECS_CTRL-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Screenshot_PLECS_CTRL-1024x639.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Screenshot_PLECS_CTRL-768x479.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1265px) 100vw, 1265px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1806\" height=\"777\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PV_inverter_powerlib_Simulink.png\" alt=\"Plant model of the three-phase PV inverter with Imperix Power library and Simscape Specialized Power Systems\" class=\"wp-image-30766\" style=\"width:393px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PV_inverter_powerlib_Simulink.png 1806w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PV_inverter_powerlib_Simulink-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PV_inverter_powerlib_Simulink-1024x441.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PV_inverter_powerlib_Simulink-768x330.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PV_inverter_powerlib_Simulink-1536x661.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1806px) 100vw, 1806px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1460\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV_inverter_powerlib_PLECS.png\" alt=\"Plant model of the three-phase PV inverter with Imperix Power library and Plexim PLECS\" class=\"wp-image-30767\" style=\"width:353px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN006: Central PV inverter (three-phase, grid-tied) &gt; image2020-10-22_13-11-44.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV_inverter_powerlib_PLECS.png 1460w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV_inverter_powerlib_PLECS-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV_inverter_powerlib_PLECS-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV_inverter_powerlib_PLECS-768x269.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1460px) 100vw, 1460px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The file below contains the PLECS model with a <strong>Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL)<\/strong> configuration that can be used with the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\">B-Box RCP<\/a>\u00a0together with a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/products\/rt_box\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Plexim RT-Box<\/a>. A detailed explanation about HIL principles is provided in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/hil-simulation-using-a-b-board-pro\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/hil-simulation-using-a-b-board-pro\">TN178<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/AN006-Central_PV_inverter_PLECS_HIL_powerlib_v4.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>Central_PV_Inverter_PLECS_HIL_v4.zip<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"h-minimum-requirements\"><strong>Minimum requirements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Imperix ACG SDK 3.6 or newer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For control code development and simulation in Simulink:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>MATLAB Simulink R2016a or newer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simscape Power Systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For control code development and simulation in PLECS:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plexim PLECS 4.5 or newer. The HIL version also requires the PLECS_RT_Box target support package.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, the C code corresponding to the same control implementation is also available below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Central_PV_inverter_CPP_v3.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>Central_PV_inverter_CPP_v<\/strong>3<strong>.zip<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implementation-of-a-GUI\"><\/span>Implementation of a GUI <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1024x560.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33290\" style=\"width:366px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1024x560.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-768x420.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1536x840.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-2048x1120.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Since the release of ACG SDK 2025.1 and CPP SDK 2025.1, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/cockpit\/\">Cockpit<\/a> introduced the ability to build a GUI using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/gui-builder-module\">GUI Builder module<\/a>. A GUI can be exported as a *.ixgui file, and later reimported on a different in different projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A pre-implemented GUI for AN006 is shown in the figure on the left and can be downloaded using the link below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/AN006_GUI_example_20250526_2.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>AN006.ixgui<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-control-implementation-of-the-three-phase-pv-inverter\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Control-implementation-of-the-three-phase-PV-inverter\"><\/span>Control implementation of the three-phase PV inverter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall control implementation corresponds to the following design choices:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-grid-side-control\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grid-side-control\"><\/span>Grid-side control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Synchronization with the grid is made using a conventional quadrature PLL.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The grid current control is achieved using a conventional vector current control in the rotating reference frame (dq). The corresponding technique is detailed in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/vector-current-control\">TN106<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The DC bus voltage is controlled from the grid side, using a cascade on top of the current control. A conventional PI controller is used. More details on the approach are available in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/cascaded-voltage-control\">TN108<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"145\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/grid-side_v2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34495\" style=\"width:747px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/grid-side_v2.png 709w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/grid-side_v2-300x61.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-pv-side-control\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PV-side-control\"><\/span>PV-side control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>On the PV side, a basic current control of a boost converter (<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-up-boost-converter\">TN101<\/a>) is implemented (see details in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/basic-pi-control\">TN105<\/a>). The current reference is set from a Maximum Point Point Tracking algorithm, as detailed in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/maximum-power-point-tracking-mppt-techniques\">TN117<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"235\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV-side-1024x235.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1247\" style=\"width:619px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV-side-1024x235.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV-side-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV-side-768x176.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PV-side.png 1134w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-precharge-and-operation-state-machines\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Precharge-and-operation-state-machines\"><\/span>Precharge and operation state machines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The DC bus precharge and the operation of the converter stages are managed by a finite-state machine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The user action variable is &#8220;activate&#8221;. When set to 1, the precharge of the DC bus from the grid starts. The <em>Precharge <\/em>state machine closes the precharge relay and waits until the DC bus reaches its minimum value. Then, it closes the bypass relay and outputs &#8220;Ready to operate&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once the <em>Precharge <\/em>state machine indicates &#8220;Ready to operate&#8221;, the <em>Operation <\/em>state machine activates the converters and closes the PV-side relay. This starts the MPPT algorithm (boost current control) and the cascaded DC bus and grid current regulations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-simulation-results-of-the-three-phase-pv-inverter\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Simulation-results-of-the-three-phase-PV-inverter\"><\/span>Simulation results of the three-phase PV inverter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-matlab-simulink\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MATLAB-Simulink\"><\/span>MATLAB Simulink<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The example models available for download at the top of this page have the following simulation scenario, which is illustrated by the simulation results below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>At t=0, the DC bus is already precharged at 500V and the&nbsp;PWMs are not yet activated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At t=0.1s, the &#8220;activate&#8221; variable is set to 1. The PWMs are immediately activated (FSM is bypassed in simulation), the DC bus voltage is regulated at 750V, and the MPPT algorithm converges gradually to the MPP (corresponding to a PV current reference around 18A).<br>After the MPPT algorithm has converged (after t=0.22s), the Perturb and Observe algorithm gives a PV current reference that oscillates around the MPP current.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At t=0.5s, the DC voltage reference is reduced to 700V.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At t=0.8s, the solar irradiance is reduced (simulation of passing clouds). The MPPT algorithm gradually decreases the PV current reference and reaches the new MPP at around t=1s (corresponding to a PV current reference around 15A).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/simlation_results-1024x336.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/simlation_results-1024x336.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/simlation_results-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/simlation_results-768x252.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/simlation_results.png 1488w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hil-simulation-results\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HIL-simulation-results\"><\/span>HIL simulation results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>HIL simulation allows further tests on the <em>Precharge<\/em> and <em>Operation<\/em> state machines. The following results are obtained when executing the control code on a B-Box RCP, and the plant model on an RT-Box.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The figure below shows the evolution of the DC bus voltage during the precharge when starting from an empty bus. The point (1) corresponds to the user changing the variable &#8220;activate&#8221; from 0 to 1. This has the effect of closing the precharge relay and the DC bus is charged from the grid, through the precharge resistors and the converter diodes. Point (2) is where the voltage reaches the minimum bus voltage, which closes the bypass relay. 200 ms later, at (3), the boost and inverter stages are activated and the DC bus is regulated at 700V.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"626\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_DC_voltage.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1250\" style=\"width:434px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_DC_voltage.png 626w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_DC_voltage-300x217.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>During that procedure, the grid currents are shown below. At steps (1) and (2), they are rectified currents flowing through the converter diodes, and after (3), during normal operation, they are sinusoidal currents with d- and q-axis components controlled by the algorithm.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"722\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_grid_currents-1024x722.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_grid_currents-1024x722.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_grid_currents-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_grid_currents-768x541.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/precharge_results_grid_currents.png 1212w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>During normal operation, the grid current amplitude will depend on the power produced by the PV panel. The figure below shows the effect of a step in the solar irradiance on the grid current amplitude:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"612\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sunstep_results_gird_currents.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1252\" style=\"width:440px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sunstep_results_gird_currents.png 612w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sunstep_results_gird_currents-300x210.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quick-start-guide-for-operating-the-three-phase-pv-inverter\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quick-start-guide-for-operating-the-three-phase-PV-inverter\"><\/span>Quick-start guide for operating the three-phase PV inverter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The objective of this section is to provide the main steps to operate the three-phase PV inverter. For a detailed guide on how to build and test one from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperix.com\/products\/power-electronics-test-bench\">power electronics test bench<\/a>, please refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-3-phase-solar-inverter\">PN171<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">An obvious prerequisite of grid-tied operation is that all necessary precautions are used in order to make the flow of uncontrolled currents through the inverter diodes impossible. This notably requires that the DC bus is pre-charged by suitable means before the connection to the grid. Useful information regarding how to pre-charge the DC bus in grid-tied applications is given in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/dc-bus-pre-charging-techniques\">TN131<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">Don\u2019t forget to properly configure protection thresholds on the B-Box RCP before starting experimental activities! The related documentation can be found in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-front-end-configuration-on-b-box-rcp\">PN105<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-required-hardware\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Required-hardware\"><\/span>Required hardware<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Experimentation on this Application Note can be made using standard imperix equipment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x \u201cType C\u201d rack with 4x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\">PEB8038<\/a> (or <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-power-module\/\">PEB8024<\/a>) modules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x passive filters rack or:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3x 2.2mH inductor (Lg)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x 2.2 mH inductor (Lb)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>4x DIN800V voltage sensors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the following equipment is needed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x PV panel or PV panel emulator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x AC disconnector, or better controllable relay as well as a circuit breaker.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x isolation transformer (optional, refer to the datasheet of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/filter-box\/\">passive filters rack<\/a> for the connection to grid without a transformer)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>(1x pre-charge circuit &#8211; optional, not shown)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"293\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Wiring_power.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Wiring_power.png 293w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Wiring_power-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-i-o-signals\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IO-signals\"><\/span>I\/O signals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Controller inputs (sensors)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><th>Analog input channel<\/th><th>Measured quantity<\/th><th>Sensor<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>AI0-2<\/td><td>Grid currents (Ig_abc)<\/td><td>embedded on PEB8038 (or PEB8024)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI3<\/td><td>PV current (Ipv)<\/td><td>embedded on PEB8038 (or PEB8024)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI8<\/td><td>DC bus voltage (Vdc)<\/td><td>embedded on PEB8038 (or PEB8024)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI12<\/td><td>PV voltage (Vpv)<\/td><td>DIN800V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AI13-15<\/td><td>Grid voltages (Vg_abc)<\/td><td>DIN800V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Controller outputs (PWM signals)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><th>PWM channel (lanes)<\/th><th>PWM signals<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>CH0 (LN0-1)<\/td><td>Grid-tied inverter, phase a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CH1 (LN2-3)<\/td><td>Grid-tied inverter, phase b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CH2 (LN4-5)<\/td><td>Grid-tied inverter, phase c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CH3 (LN6-7)<\/td><td>Boost converter (high-side signal for reverse conduction in the MOSFET)&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-start-up-procedure\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Start-up-procedure\"><\/span>Start-up procedure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following steps can be used as a brief reminder of a reasonable start-up procedure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) Before addressing this application, run a simpler control code in order to validate that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">All measurements are correctly acquired, with the appropriate gain and sign (notably currents).<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Protections are correctly configured and do trigger at the appropriate value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">The switched voltage (EMF) at the converter-side of the grid inductor has no obvious phase mismatch with the grid voltage (e.g. operating in open loop while disconnecting the inductor). There are indeed numerous risks of polarity errors\u2026<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>2) Pre-charge the DC bus to a sufficient voltage to avoid any risk of uncontrolled diode conduction. In three-phase applications, the minimum DC bus voltage is defined by the  peak line-to-line voltage of the grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">Double-check this condition.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>3) Physically connect the converter to the grid, either using a controllable relay or using manual wiring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) In Cockpit, enable PWM operation. Related getting-started instructions are available in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Programming and operating imperix controllers (PN138)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Operating-the-GUI\"><\/span>Operating the GUI <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1-1024x560.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1-1024x560.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1-768x420.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1-1536x840.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/GUI_sc_20250526-1-2048x1120.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>While not mandatory, creating a GUI in Cockpit is an effective tool to facilitate interactions with the controller. The GUI example for the three-phase PV inverter has the following features to control the system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A toggle to activate the automatic precharge and control of the converter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entry fields to change the values of the PI controller gains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A slider to control the reactive current injected into the grid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As well as a checkbox to enable or disable the MPPT tracker<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In terms of data visualization, the GUI example for the three-phase PV inverter has the following features:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A dynamic visual of the current status of the system, including the position of the grid connection relays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gauges to visualize system voltages and currents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A thermometer module to show the power extracted from the PV panel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As the GUI builder module permits customization by the user, users can use the example above as a starting point and modify it to their needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This example implements the control for a three-phase PV inverter. Such a system can be typically found in small industrial photovoltaic facilities, which are directly&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":45216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[23],"software-environments":[103,104],"provided-results":[109,107],"related-products":[50,32,92,166,112,111],"guidedreadings":[116],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[145],"coauthors":[70,78],"class_list":["post-1233","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-example","tag-hil-simulation","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","provided-results-hil","provided-results-simulation","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-micro","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-peb","related-products-pm","guidedreadings-three-phase-pv-inverter-for-grid-tied-applications","user-manuals-power-electronic-bundle"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Three-phase PV inverter for grid-tied applications - imperix<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This note introduces the control of a three-phase PV inverter with boost converter. 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