{"id":1265,"date":"2021-03-30T14:14:22","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T14:14:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=1265"},"modified":"2026-04-14T08:50:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T08:50:10","slug":"fast-electric-vehicle-charger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger","title":{"rendered":"Fast electric vehicle charger with intermediate energy storage"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#System-description\" >System description<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Operating-principles-of-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\" >Operating principles of the fast electric vehicle charger<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#System-start-up-and-grid-connection\" >System start-up and grid connection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Grid-side-control\" >Grid-side control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Control-of-the-Triple-Active-Bridge-TAB\" >Control of the Triple Active Bridge (TAB)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Control-of-the-battery-charger\" >Control of the battery charger<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Car-side-control\" >Car-side control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Action-variables\" >Action variables<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Physical-realization-of-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\" >Physical realization of the fast electric vehicle charger<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Software-resources\" >Software resources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Required-hardware-and-wiring\" >Required hardware and wiring<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Simulink-implementation\" >Simulink implementation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#System-start-up\" >System start-up<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#System-shut-down\" >System shut down<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Remote-control-GUI\" >Remote control GUI<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#Experimental-results-from-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\" >Experimental results from the fast electric vehicle charger<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#1-Grid-side-precharge\" >1) Grid-side precharge<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#2-TAB-magnetization-and-regulation\" >2) TAB magnetization and regulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#3-Control-of-the-battery-charger\" >3) Control of the battery charger<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/fast-electric-vehicle-charger\/#4-Car-charging\" >4) Car charging<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>This application note details a possible control implementation on the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\">B-Bo<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\/\">x<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\"> RCP<\/a> for a fast electric vehicle charger with intermediate storage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, the charger relies on a Dual-Active Bridge (DAB) stage to enforce galvanic isolation between the car and the grid. The DAB stage further comprises a third port, connected to a battery, making it a <em>de-facto<\/em> triple-active bridge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall, the three ports are hence connected to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the 3-phase grid, using an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/three-phase-npc-inverter\">NPC-type rectifier<\/a> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the intermediate battery through a 4-legs interleaved <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/interleaved-buck-converter\">DC\/DC converter<\/a> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the car battery (load) also through a DC\/DC converter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Simulation and experimental results using Simulink \/ PLECS and the imperix <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a> are shown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-system-description\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"System-description\"><\/span>System description<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall system structure of the fast electric vehicle charger is shown below. The three ports of the medium-frequency transformer are shown on the same \u201cside\u201d of the magnetic circuit for convenience of representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"944\" height=\"743\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-249.png\" alt=\"Electrical schematics of the fast electric vehicle charger setup\" class=\"wp-image-1267\" style=\"width:800px\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Schematic_v2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-249.png 944w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-249-300x236.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-249-768x604.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 944px) 100vw, 944px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This system can be implemented using various imperix products, plus the necessary transformer and additional inductors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"445\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-445x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Front view of the fast electric vehicle charger setup\" class=\"wp-image-1268\" style=\"width:333px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; _DSC5108.JPG\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-445x1024.jpeg 445w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-130x300.jpeg 130w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-768x1766.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-668x1536.jpeg 668w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-891x2048.jpeg 891w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-10-scaled.jpeg 1113w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 445px) 100vw, 445px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Front view of the cabinet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-447x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Rear view of the fast electric vehicle charger setup\" class=\"wp-image-1269\" style=\"width:333px\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; _DSC5105.JPG\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-447x1024.jpeg 447w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-131x300.jpeg 131w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-768x1759.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-671x1536.jpeg 671w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-894x2048.jpeg 894w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-11-scaled.jpeg 1118w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rear view of the cabinet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-operating-principles-of-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Operating-principles-of-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\"><\/span>Operating principles of the fast electric vehicle charger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-system-start-up-and-grid-connection\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"System-start-up-and-grid-connection\"><\/span>System start-up and grid connection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As with any Voltage Source Converter (VSC) topology, this system requires that the DC bus is appropriately pre-charged before normal operation can be initiated. To this end, a pre-charge circuit is introduced between the converter and the grid, made of a three-phase set of resistors. These resistors can be later bypassed during normal operation, thanks to a software-controlled relay.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/dc-bus-pre-charging-techniques\">TN131<\/a> gives further recommendations regarding system start-up techniques for grid-tied applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-grid-side-control\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grid-side-control\"><\/span>Grid-side control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The control of the inverter is subdivided into 2 parts. First, a closed-loop controller regulates the bus voltage by drawing current from the grid. Second, this grid current is controlled in the stationary reference frame. A conventional dq-type PLL is used for the grid synchronization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The relevant documentation is given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/vector-current-control\">Vector current control (TN106)<\/a> details the design current controller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/cascaded-voltage-control\">Cascaded voltage control (TN108)<\/a> details the design of the bus voltage controller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/dc-bus-balancing-for-three-level-npc-converters\">DC bus balancing for NPC converters (TN129)<\/a> details the design of the DC bus balancing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/three-phase-npc-inverter\">Three-phase NPC inverter (TN135)<\/a> details the topology and the control of an NPC inverter, with an example of a grid-tied NPC inverter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"706\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Grid_control.png\" alt=\"Control diagram of the grid-side of the fast electric vehicle charger\" class=\"wp-image-1276\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Grid_control.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Grid_control.png 706w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Grid_control-300x136.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 100vw, 706px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-control-of-the-triple-active-bridge-tab\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Control-of-the-Triple-Active-Bridge-TAB\"><\/span>Control of the Triple Active Bridge (TAB)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The isolated DC\/DC converter system is a shared stage that controls the power flows among all three ports of the system. More specifically, the TAB controls the voltages of the secondary DC busses by routing the appropriate amount of power towards those ports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The TAB control uses phase-shift modulation, as presented in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/dab-dual-active-bridge-converter-control\">Operation of DAB converters (TN116)<\/a>&nbsp;and adapted to a 3-port system. Phase-shift modulation allows a high power transfer through the TAB and acts only on \\(\\phi_c\\) and \\(\\phi_b\\), the phase-shifts between the grid-side switched voltage and each of the secondaries switched voltages, as shown below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-251-1024x289.png\" alt=\"Voltage waveforms of the triple active bridge\" class=\"wp-image-1273\" style=\"width:579px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; TAB_switched_voltages.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-251-1024x289.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-251-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-251-768x217.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-251-1536x434.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-251-2048x579.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The main difference with the DAB presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/dab-dual-active-bridge-converter-control\">TN116<\/a> is that the power flows in a three-port system are interdependent. However, when the power transfer is mainly between two ports (i.e. the power consumed by one of the secondaries is close to zero), a decoupled control of the secondary DC buses is less challenging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The DC bus voltage control of the car-side and battery-side is simply implemented as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/TAB_control_2-1024x758.png\" alt=\"Control diagram of the triple active bridge\" class=\"wp-image-1278\" style=\"width:278px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/TAB_control_2-1024x758.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/TAB_control_2-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/TAB_control_2-768x569.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/TAB_control_2.png 1182w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-control-of-the-battery-charger\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Control-of-the-battery-charger\"><\/span>Control of the battery charger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The battery is connected to the TAB through a 4-legs interleaved DC\/DC converter. The output of each leg is connected to the battery through an inductor, and there is one current PI controller for each leg of the converter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The carriers of the legs N\u00b01 and 3 have a phase set to 0, and the legs N\u00b0 2 and 4 have a phase set to 0.5 (180\u00b0): this technic allows to reduce the total battery current ripples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The relevant documentation is given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/basic-pi-control\">Basic PI control implementation (TN105)<\/a> details the implementation of a basic PI current controller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/interleaved-buck-converter\">Interleaved buck converter (TN122)<\/a> details the topology and control of a DC\/DC converter, with a 4-legs interleaved DC\/DC converter as an example.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-253.png\" alt=\"Control diagram of the battery current controller\" class=\"wp-image-1279\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Battery_control.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-253.png 425w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-253-300x92.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-car-side-control\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Car-side-control\"><\/span>Car-side control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The car (more specifically its battery) is connected to the TAB through a 3-legs DC\/DC converter. As for the intermediate battery, the output of each leg is connected to the battery through an inductor, and there is one current PI controller for each leg of the converter. The car battery is modelized as a 10 \u03a9 resistor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The carriers are not phase-shifted for this converter. The relevant documentation is the same as the intermediate battery control.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"130\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-254.png\" alt=\"Control diagram of the car current controller\" class=\"wp-image-1280\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Car_control.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-254.png 425w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-254-300x92.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-action-variables\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Action-variables\"><\/span>Action variables<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall control for this fast electric vehicle charger has 3 action variables, which correspond to the 3 degrees of freedom:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The grid reactive current reference Iq_ref. While the active current is controlled by the DC bus voltage regulator, the reactive current can be set freely by the user.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The intermediate battery charge\/discharge current reference. As seen above, the battery current is symmetrically distributed between the 4 legs of the DC\/DC converter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The car battery charge\/discharge current reference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-physical-realization-of-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical-realization-of-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\"><\/span>Physical realization of the fast electric vehicle charger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-software-resources\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Software-resources\"><\/span>Software resources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Charger_for_EV.zip\">Charger_for_EV<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Charger_for_EV.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The above-provided zip archive contains:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Charger_for_EV.slx<\/code>: Main Simulink file. A PLECS viewer-enabled variant is also available.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>parameters.m<\/code>: Initialization file (system parameters and calculation of the closed-loop controllers&#8217; parameters).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>desired_states.m<\/code> and <code>states.m<\/code>: Matlab files containing the enumerations used for the state machines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>frontpanel0.bbox<\/code>: The file containing the analog input configuration for B-Box RCP. There are three files: one for each B-Box (one master and two slaves).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>RemoteControl_GUI folder<\/code>: This contains the graphical user interface itself <code>RemoteControl_GUI.mlapp<\/code> as well as a required Java-enabled UDP communication script <code>judp.m<\/code> and <code>system_scheme.png<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to control the fast electric vehicle charger without Cockpit software. This GUI, created using the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/matlab\/app-designer.html\">AppDesigner<\/a> tool from Mathworks, uses Ethernet communication to exchange data with the B-Box RCP. The figure below shows a view of the interface. More information on setting up such an interface is available in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/gui-with-matlab-app-designer\">PN130<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"622\" height=\"848\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-255.png\" alt=\"Graphical user interface to contorl the fast electric vehicle charger\" class=\"wp-image-1282\" style=\"width:406px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Capture.PNG\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-255.png 622w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-255-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 622px) 100vw, 622px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-required-hardware-and-wiring\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Required-hardware-and-wiring\"><\/span>Required hardware and wiring<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Experimentation on this Application Note can be made using standard and custom imperix equipment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Standard<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\/\">B-Box RCP<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\/\">SFP cables<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Open rack with 3x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/pen\/\">PEN8018<\/a> and 2x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/peb\/\">PEB8032<\/a> modules (Grid side)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Open rack with 5x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/peb\/\">PEB8032<\/a> modules (Car side)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Open rack with 6x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/peb\/\">PEB4046<\/a> modules (Intermediate battery side)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/filter-box\">Passive filters<\/a> racks or:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3x 2.5mH inductor 22A (<em>L<\/em><sub><em>g<\/em><\/sub>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3x 3\u00b5F capacitor (<em>C<\/em><sub><em>gf<\/em><\/sub>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3x 1\u03a9 resistor (<em>R<\/em><sub><em>gf<\/em><\/sub>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>4x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\">DIN800V<\/a> voltage sensors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\">DIN50A<\/a> current sensors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Grid connection panel with:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x circuit breaker (3ph 16A)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2x controllable relay (3ph 16)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3x 47\u03a9 precharge resistors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Custom<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x Passive shelf with:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x 3 ports MF transformer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3x leakage inductors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Passive shelf with:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>4x 2.5mH inductor 30A (<em>L<\/em><sub><em>b<\/em><\/sub>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Battery connection panel with:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x controllable DC relay 100A<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x fuse 100A<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x 47\u03a9 precharge resistor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x controllable DC relay 5A<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Car connection panel with:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x circuit breaker 32A<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x controllable relay 32A<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the following equipment is needed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3x load inductors (L<sub>L<\/sub>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3x load resistors (R<sub>L<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The following table summarizes the parameters used to test this application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><th><strong>Parameter<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Value<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Parameter<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Value<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Parameter<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Value<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Inductance <em>L<\/em><sub><em>g<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>2.5mH<\/td><td>Inductance <em>L<\/em><sub><em>b<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>2.5mH<\/td><td>Grid side DC bus voltage reference<\/td><td>700 V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance <em>R<\/em><sub><em>g<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>22 m\u03a9<\/td><td>Resistance <em>R<\/em><sub><em>b<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>13 m\u03a9<\/td><td>Car side DC bus voltage reference<\/td><td>700 V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capacitance <em>C<\/em><sub><em>gf<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>3 \u00b5F<\/td><td>Inductance <em>L<\/em><sub><em>c<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>2.5mH<\/td><td>Battery side DC bus voltage reference<\/td><td>350 V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance <em>R<\/em><sub><em>gf<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>1 \u03a9<\/td><td>Resistance <em>R<\/em><sub><em>c<\/em><\/sub><\/td><td>22 m\u03a9<\/td><td>Grid voltage (ph-N, RMS)<\/td><td>230 V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PWM frequency (grid, TAB, and car sides)<\/td><td>20 kHz<\/td><td>PWM frequency (battery side)<\/td><td>10 kHz<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-simulink-implementation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Simulink-implementation\"><\/span>Simulink implementation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Within the provided Simulink file, the <em>Input mode selector<\/em> variable allows selecting how the setpoints and other references are transferred to the control code:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mode=0<\/strong>. The control code uses Simulink step blocks. This is useful during off-line simulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mode=1<\/strong>. The code uses the tunable variables. This is useful for tuning parameters live with Cockpit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mode=2<\/strong>. The control code uses inputs from the Ethernet blocks. This is useful when using the GUI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-system-start-up\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"System-start-up\"><\/span>System start-up<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These steps can be followed to start the system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prior to generating run-time code, configure the input mode selector to either receive setpoints from the ETH blocks, or from tunable variables that can be freely changed later using Cockpit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generate run-time code for the provided Simulink file using imperix\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">SDK for automated code generation<\/a>. Consult the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/installation-guide-acg-sdk\/\">Quick-start guide<\/a>&nbsp;if needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Connect to the B-Box RCP using Cockpit. Consult this&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Quick-start guide<\/a>&nbsp;if needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In Cockpit, add a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/cockpit-user-guide#h-variables-module-shortcuts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Variables module<\/a> and drag and drop the following variables:<br><em>State_g_desired<\/em>, <em>State_t_desired<\/em>, <em>State_b_desired<\/em>, <em>State_c_desired Ig_q_ref, Ib_ref and Ic_ref<\/em>, and the probe variables:<br><em>State_g, State_t, State_b, Stated_c, Vg_dc<\/em>, <em>Vb_dc<\/em>, <em>Vc_dc<\/em>, <em>Vb<\/em>, <em>Ig_d<\/em>, <em>Ig_q<\/em>, <em>Ic<\/em>, <em>Ib<\/em>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check that all analog inputs are correctly configured and protection thresholds appropriately adjusted. Consult&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-front-end-configuration-on-b-box-rcp\">PN105<\/a> for detailed instructions if needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check that the variables <em>State_g_desired<\/em>, <em>State_t_desired<\/em>, <em>State_b_desired<\/em>,<em>State_c_desired<\/em>, <em>Ig_q_ref<\/em>, <em>Ib_ref <\/em>and <em>Ic_ref <\/em>are set to 0, and click on <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers#h-enabling-disabling-pwm-signals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Enable the PWM outputs<\/a> to enable the generation of PWM signals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Activate the pre-charge and the regulation of the grid side DC bus by setting <em>State_g_desired <\/em>to 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When the DC bus voltage is stabilized (i.e. when <em>State_g <\/em>is \u201cREADY\u201d), activate the TAB magnetization and regulation by setting <em>State_t_desired <\/em>to 1. Check that the voltages <em>Vg_dc<\/em>, <em>Vb_dc, <\/em>and <em>Vc_dc<\/em> are constant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When the TAB is ready (i.e. when <em>State_t <\/em>is \u201cREADY\u201d), activate the intermediate battery relay and regulation by setting <em>State_b_desired <\/em>and <em>State_c_desired <\/em>to 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check that <em>State_b <\/em>and <em>State_c <\/em>are \u201cREADY\u201d, and that the currents <em>Ib <\/em>and <em>Ic <\/em>are null.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set the desired current references <em>Ib_ref<\/em>, <em>Ic_ref, <\/em>and <em>Ig_q_ref<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-system-shut-down\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"System-shut-down\"><\/span>System shut down<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following steps detail the procedure to shut the system down:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Set the current references <em>Ib_ref<\/em>, <em>Ic_ref <\/em>and <em>Ig_q_ref <\/em>to 0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deactivate and disconnect the intermediate battery and the car by setting <em>State_b_desired <\/em>and <em>State_c_desired <\/em>to 0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check that the disconnection has been made (i.e. when <em>State_c<\/em> and <em>State_b <\/em>are \u201cSTANDBY\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deactivate the TAB by setting <em>State_t_desired <\/em>to 0. The DC bus voltages <em>Vb_dc<\/em> and <em>Vc_dc<\/em> will start to discharge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deactivate and disconnect the grid by setting <em>State_g_desired <\/em>to 0. The grid DC bus will also start to discharge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To dissipate the DC bus energy, the voltage references <em>Vb_dc_ref<\/em> and <em>Vc_dc_ref<\/em> can be set to 0, and then activate the TAB by setting <em>State_t_desired <\/em>to 1: the DC bus voltages decrease quickly until zero, by switching losses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Block all PWM output signals by clicking on <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers#h-enabling-disabling-pwm-signals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Disable the PWM outputs<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-remote-control-gui\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Remote-control-GUI\"><\/span>Remote control GUI<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To allow the exchange of data between the computer and the B-Box RCP, the necessary steps are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Specify the computer address in the ETH blocks of the Simulink file. The B-Box RCP will transmit its measurements and status information to this address.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generate run-time code and connect to the B-Box RCP using Cockpit. Consult this&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Quick-start guide<\/a>&nbsp;if needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make sure that the Windows firewall doesn\u2019t block communication with the B-Box.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Open the app and specify the IP address of the B-Box. Click on the connect button.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>More information on the use and modification of the GUI is given in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/gui-with-matlab-app-designer\">GUI with the App Designer (PN130)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-experimental-results-from-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-results-from-the-fast-electric-vehicle-charger\"><\/span>Experimental results from the fast electric vehicle charger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-grid-side-precharge\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-Grid-side-precharge\"><\/span>1) Grid-side precharge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the precharge relay is activated. The DC bus voltage rises to approximately 565V (which is the grid line peak voltage). Finally, the PWMs of the NPC inverter are activated, and the closed-loop control regulates the DC bus voltage to 600V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-tab-magnetization-and-regulation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-TAB-magnetization-and-regulation\"><\/span>2) TAB magnetization and regulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the grid-side DC bus is charged and regulated, the transformer of the TAB can be magnetized and the secondary DC buses can be precharged. To do so, a switched 3-level voltage with a gradually increasing duty-cycle is applied to the TAB primary, as shown below. This imposes a gradually increasing current in the transformer, charging the secondaries. To ensure that the transformer current stays centered around zero, the duty-cycle of the generated pulses is increased only every two switching periods to maintain symmetry between the positive and the negative pulses.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-256.png\" alt=\"Voltage waveform used for magnetization of the triple active bridge transformer\" class=\"wp-image-1283\" style=\"width:393px;height:auto\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Transformer_magnetization.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-256.png 850w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-256-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-256-768x264.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The figure below shows the DC bus voltages, the relative phase of secondaries of the TAB, and the activation of the PWMs of the secondaries:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-257.png\" alt=\"Voltage regulation of the triple active bridge converter\" class=\"wp-image-1284\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Magnetisation_of_TAB.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-257.png 900w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-257-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-257-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The magnetization of the transformer required a certain amount of energy which is provided by the grid-side DC bus voltage. By consequence, the grid-side DC bus voltage decreases a little before being regulated back to 600V by the controller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For each one of the secondaries of the TAB, the PWMs are enabled when the voltage reaches the required value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-control-of-the-battery-charger\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3-Control-of-the-battery-charger\"><\/span>3) Control of the battery charger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the two secondaries are charged and regulated, the intermediate battery can be charged. The next graph shows a reference step on the battery current and the response of the whole system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-258.png\" alt=\"Current control of the fast battery charger\" class=\"wp-image-1285\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Jump_of_current.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-258.png 900w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-258-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-258-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-259.png\" alt=\"Phase-shifts of the triple active bridge secondaries\" class=\"wp-image-1286\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Jump_of_current2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-259.png 900w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-259-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-259-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-260.png\" alt=\"Grid-side DC voltage of the fast electric vehicle charger\" class=\"wp-image-1287\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; Jump_of_current3.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-260.png 900w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-260-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-260-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The 4 legs of the DC\/DC converter can easily follow the current reference. We can see the difference in response between the 2 phases with a 0% phase shift and the 2 phases with a 50% phase shift, due to different control delays, as further detailed in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/interleaved-buck-converter\">Interleaved DC-DC converter control<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to the jump of current (consequently power) reference, the battery-side DC bus starts to decrease, but the controller regulates it by increasing the relative phase of the secondary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The grid-side DC bus voltage should also decrease due to the power reference step. However, this voltage rises due to the feedforward of the battery current reference to the grid-side current controller. By consequence, the grid-side current control starts to take some power from the grid (and then the grid-side DC bus voltage increases) before the TAB controller regulates the secondary DC bus voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-car-charging\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4-Car-charging\"><\/span>4) Car charging<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that the intermediate battery has been charged through the grid, the final step can be performed: both the grid and the intermediate battery power flows are combined to charge the car battery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The next graph shows a reference step on the car current and the response of the system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-261.png\" alt=\"Charging currents of the car battery\" class=\"wp-image-1288\" title=\"Application notes &gt; AN007: Fast EV charger with intermediate energy storage &gt; car_current.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-261.png 900w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-261-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/image-261-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The power flow from the intermediate battery stays constant because the intermediate battery current reference is set by the user. Consequently, the intermediate battery DC bus voltage is almost not destabilized by the reference step on the car current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The power flow step of the car battery is compensated by the grid. As for the previous experimental results, the grid-side DC bus voltage increases slightly because the car battery current is feedforwarded to the grid current controller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The correct behavior of the fast electric vehicle charger has been validated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This application note details a possible control implementation on the B-Box RCP for a fast electric vehicle charger with intermediate storage. In this example, the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":45218,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[21],"software-environments":[103],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,166,111],"guidedreadings":[117],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[],"coauthors":[65],"class_list":["post-1265","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-example","tag-dc-dc-converters","software-environments-matlab","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-pm","guidedreadings-fast-electric-vehicle-charger-with-intermediate-energy-storage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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