{"id":1535,"date":"2024-03-14T14:47:24","date_gmt":"2024-03-14T14:47:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=1535"},"modified":"2026-03-09T12:00:09","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T12:00:09","slug":"neutral-point-clamped-inverter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter","title":{"rendered":"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Setup-description\" >Setup description<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Involved-products\" >Involved products<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Assembly-and-wiring\" >Assembly and wiring<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Configuration-of-the-B-Box-front-panel\" >Configuration of the B-Box front panel<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Control-software\" >Control software<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Current-control-and-grid-synchronization\" >Current control and grid synchronization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#DC-bus-balancing\" >DC bus balancing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Precharge-circuit\" >Precharge circuit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Operating-procedure\" >Operating procedure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\/#Experimental-results\" >Experimental results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>This page provides an example of closed-loop current control for a grid-tied Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter. The considered setup is a three-phase three-wire NPC inverter supplied by a DC source and connected to the grid. An EMC filter is inserted for adequate filtering of the injected currents, and a precharge circuit protects the circuit from uncontrolled in-rush currents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A first-step introduction to NPC inverters is available in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/getting-started-npc-converter\">Getting started with an NPC converter<\/a>, where the basic working principles are explained and a simpler open-loop modulation strategy is applied to an NPC inverter connected to a passive load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">Before performing any experiments, it is recommended to read the safety guidelines for working in the lab provided <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/safety-and-protection-in-the-lab\">here<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-setup-description\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Setup-description\"><\/span>Setup description<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Involved-products\"><\/span>Involved products<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The circuit is shown in Fig. 1. The NPC is built from 3 <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/npc-converter-module\/\">PEN8018<\/a>&nbsp;modules. They are controlled by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP<\/a>, and the control code is developed with the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a> on Simulink (a valid license is required).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC.png\" alt=\"NPC inverter topology used in this example\" class=\"wp-image-22543\" style=\"width:-90px;height:-35px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC-768x306.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 1 &#8211; NPC inverter topology used in this example<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This example uses a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/filter-box\/\">passive filter box<\/a> (for the inductors and the EMC filter), a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\/#grid-panel\">grid connection panel<\/a>, and an 800V DC source. The grid voltages are measured with <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\/#sensors\">DIN800V<\/a> voltage sensors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"105\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/B-BoxRCP.png\" alt=\"B-Box RCP controller\" class=\"wp-image-13767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/B-BoxRCP.png 600w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/B-BoxRCP-300x53.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">B-Box RCP controller<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"248\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/PEN8018-module.png\" alt=\"NPC phase leg (PEN8018)\" class=\"wp-image-25651\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/PEN8018-module.png 387w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/PEN8018-module-300x192.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">NPC phase leg (PEN8018)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"324\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Passive-filter-box.png\" alt=\"Passive filter box\" class=\"wp-image-25652\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Passive-filter-box.png 324w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Passive-filter-box-300x221.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Passive filter box<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">If the DC source is not bidirectional, do not set any negative current reference. Moreover, it is recommended to protect the DC source with a diode.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-physical-realization\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Assembly-and-wiring\"><\/span>Assembly and wiring<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The wiring of the gating signals and the measurements between the PEN modules and the B-Box controller is identical to that of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/getting-started-npc-converter#Assembly-and-wiring\">Getting started with an NPC converter<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">Pay attention to the connection order of the optical fibers in the PEN8018 modules to ensure the complementarity of the gating signals. For example, the four switches (top to bottom) of the first PEN8018 module are connected to <code>D0H<\/code>, <code>D1H<\/code>, <code>D0L<\/code> and <code>D1L<\/code> optical outputs of the B-Box RCP, respectively. This is further explained in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/getting-started-npc-converter#Assembly-and-wiring\">Getting started with an NPC converter<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The wiring of the power stage can be done as proposed in Fig. 2. It is assumed in the following sections that the RJ45 cables going out of the three DIN800V voltage sensors (measure of Vga, Vgb and Vgc, respectively) are connected to the analog inputs 5, 6, 7 of the B-Box front panel.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/TN135_grid_connections.png\" alt=\"Suggested wiring of the power stage\" class=\"wp-image-22586\" style=\"width:415px;height:455px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/TN135_grid_connections.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/TN135_grid_connections-274x300.png 274w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/TN135_grid_connections-768x842.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 2 &#8211; Suggested wiring of the power stage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">If using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/filter-box\/\">passive filter box<\/a>, pay attention to the wiring direction of the EMC filter as it affects its behavior. More information about the possible configurations can be found in its <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/Passives_Rack.pdf\">datasheet<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-configuration-of-the-b-box-front-panel\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Configuration-of-the-B-Box-front-panel\"><\/span>Configuration of the B-Box front panel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following table summarizes the parameters to be configured at the B-Box front panel. Similar calculations are described in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/getting-started-npc-converter#configuration-front-panel\">Getting started with an NPC converter<\/a>, and more information about the configuration of the B-Box front panel can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-front-end-configuration-on-b-box-rcp\">Analog front-end configuration on B-Box RCP<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Channels<\/th><th>Measurement<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Low Z<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Gain<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Filter<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Limit high<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Limit low<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0, 1, 2<\/td><td>i<sub>a<\/sub>, i<sub>b<\/sub>, i<sub>c<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">9.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-9.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5, 6, 7<\/td><td>v<sub>ga<\/sub>, v<sub>gb<\/sub>, v<sub>gc<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">7.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-7.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">8, 9<\/td><td>V<sub>up<\/sub>, V<sub>low<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-9.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To stop the converter operation in case of abnormal operating conditions, the following protection thresholds are considered for grid current, grid voltage, and DC voltage measurements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Grid current limits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To limit the grid current to 18A (rating of the PEN module), considering a sensor sensitivity of -46mV\/A and an analog gain of 8, the safety limits are set to \u00b19.4V.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Grid voltage limits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure the grid voltage does not exceed 440V line-to-line (max of filter), considering a sensor sensitivity of 2.46mV\/V and an analog gain of 8, the safety limits are set to \u00b17.1V.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Half-bus DC voltage limits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure neither of the half DC voltages exceeds 450VDC line-to-line (max of PEN module), considering a sensor sensitivity of -9.95 mV\/V and an analog gain of 2, the low limit is set to -9V.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">If different hardware is used (e.g., with a grid current capability lower than 18 A,rms), the protection thresholds must be adapted accordingly.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-control-software\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Control-software\"><\/span>Control software<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The NPC converter control model developed in Simulink can be downloaded below. Both versions only differ in the modulation technique (carrier-based or space vector modulation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Carrier-based modulation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_DQ_current_control_CB.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>TN135_NPC_DQ_current_control_CB<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Space vector modulation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_DQ_current_control_SV.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>TN135_NPC_DQ_current_control_SV<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_CB-1024x465.png\" alt=\"Simulink control software (carrier-based version)\" class=\"wp-image-25736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_CB-1024x465.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_CB-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_CB-768x349.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_CB-1536x697.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_CB-2048x929.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 3 &#8211; Simulink control software (carrier-based version)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-current-control\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current-control-and-grid-synchronization\"><\/span>Current control and grid synchronization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The control of the grid currents is implemented in the grid-synchronous reference frame, as presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/vector-current-control\">Vector current control<\/a>. The angle of the reference frame is computed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/dq-type-pll\">DQ-type PLL<\/a> block from the ACG SDK library. Two PI controllers are used to control the d- and q-axis components of the grid currents separately, followed by feedforward of the grid voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To prevent the integral term of the PI controllers from growing excessively when the actuator is saturated, the controller&#8217;s implementation includes an anti-windup (saturation is directly detected in the dq-frame), as shown in Fig. 4. In addition, the integral terms of the PI controllers are kept at reset when the converter is not operating, using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/external-reset\">External reset<\/a> block from the ACG SDK library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_current_control-1024x364.png\" alt=\"Current control in the dq-frame\" class=\"wp-image-25942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_current_control-1024x364.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_current_control-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_current_control-768x273.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_current_control-1536x545.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_NPC_Simulink_current_control-2048x727.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 4 &#8211; Current control in the dq-frame, with saturation detection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DC-bus-balancing\"><\/span>DC bus balancing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Grid-tied operation of NPC converters requires balancing the half DC buses. This note uses an active balancing strategy presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/balancing-of-npc-converters\">DC bus balancing of NPC converters<\/a>. This is required because of the grid non-idealities, &#8211; and thus unbalance &#8211; that lead to a non-zero average current at the inverter&#8217;s midpoint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-precharge-circuit\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Precharge-circuit\"><\/span>Precharge circuit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this particular use case, precharge through the AC side is not necessary since the DC bus can be precharged from the DC side (DC power source). However, to avoid destructive inrush currents, it is essential that \\(V_\\text{DC} \\ge \\widehat{V}_\\text{g,LL}\\) before connecting the grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\/#grid-panel\">grid connection panel<\/a> is used for protection (circuit breaker) and convenience, as the grid can be connected\/disconnected by actuating the relays via the Cockpit interface. To achieve this, the control model contains two tunable parameters <code>PrechargeRelay<\/code> and <code>BypassRelay<\/code>, connected to GPO blocks. The physical outputs of the controller GPO0 and GPO1 are wired to the grid connection panel to actuate the precharge and the bypass relays, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_simulink_relays.png\" alt=\"Relays implementation in Simulink\" class=\"wp-image-22667\" style=\"width:301px;height:169px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_simulink_relays.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_simulink_relays-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/TN135_simulink_relays-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 5 &#8211; Relays implementation in Simulink<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>More information about DC bus pre-charging techniques can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/dc-bus-pre-charging-techniques\">TN131<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Operating-procedure\"><\/span>Operating procedure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For safety, the following operating procedure is recommended :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>check that both relays are open ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>turn on the DC source with respect to \\(V_\\text{DC} \\ge \\widehat{V}_\\text{g,LL}\\) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>connect the grid to the grid-side panel ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>as a precaution, close the precharge relay, and the bypass shortly after ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>check that the current reference is appropriate (and positive if the DC is not bidirectional) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>activate the PWM output signals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-experimental-results\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-results\"><\/span>Experimental results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Experimental results measured at nominal operation are shown in Fig. 6, where the current reference for the d-axis is set to 6A at t=0, 15A at t=50ms and 10A at t=100ms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/TN135_NPC_Cockpit_CB-1024x681.png\" alt=\"Reference tracking using Cockpit\" class=\"wp-image-25734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/TN135_NPC_Cockpit_CB-1024x681.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/TN135_NPC_Cockpit_CB-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/TN135_NPC_Cockpit_CB-768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/TN135_NPC_Cockpit_CB.png 1436w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 6 &#8211; Reference tracking using Cockpit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As expected, the reference is well followed, resulting here in an injected current in phase with the grid voltage, since the q-axis current reference is set to zero.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Closed-loop current control for a grid-tied Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter. The considered setup is a three-phase three-wire NPC inverter supplied by a DC source and connected to the grid.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":28692,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[19],"software-environments":[103],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,166,51,111],"guidedreadings":[117],"tutorials":[123],"user-manuals":[],"coauthors":[82,65],"class_list":["post-1535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-implementation","tag-three-level-converters","software-environments-matlab","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-cpp-sdk","related-products-pm","guidedreadings-fast-electric-vehicle-charger-with-intermediate-energy-storage","tutorials-neutral-point-clamped-inverter-npc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) - Control and modulation - imperix<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This note covers modulation and control techniques for a Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) with a focus on their practical implementation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) - Control and modulation - imperix\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This note covers modulation and control techniques for a Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) with a focus on their practical implementation.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"imperix\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-03-14T14:47:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-09T12:00:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent, Gabriel Fernandez\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent, Gabriel Fernandez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1a0c3f44c7b64b1fd38dec245646aa8c\"},\"headline\":\"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC)\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-14T14:47:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-09T12:00:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\"},\"wordCount\":1189,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Three-level converters\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Technical notes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\",\"name\":\"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) - Control and modulation - imperix\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-14T14:47:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-09T12:00:09+00:00\",\"description\":\"This note covers modulation and control techniques for a Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) with a focus on their practical implementation.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png\",\"width\":450,\"height\":300},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/implementation\\\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Knowledge base\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Technical notes\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/category\\\/implementation\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/\",\"name\":\"imperix\",\"description\":\"power electronics\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"imperix\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/imperix_logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/03\\\/imperix_logo.png\",\"width\":350,\"height\":120,\"caption\":\"imperix\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1a0c3f44c7b64b1fd38dec245646aa8c\",\"name\":\"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/2021b1358e31ad6f0aa701e6470e41e82025de794c9a6b2014338cbea729454b?s=96&d=mm&r=g6a16fb4ee9f5452cba63eb2a62f66a0f\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/2021b1358e31ad6f0aa701e6470e41e82025de794c9a6b2014338cbea729454b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/2021b1358e31ad6f0aa701e6470e41e82025de794c9a6b2014338cbea729454b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent\"},\"description\":\"Fran\u00e7ois is an electrical engineer working mainly on power applications and low-level FPGA developments. On the knowledge base, he is the author of several articles on a broad range of applications.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/francois-ledent\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/imperix.com\\\/doc\\\/author\\\/ledent\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) - Control and modulation - imperix","description":"This note covers modulation and control techniques for a Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) with a focus on their practical implementation.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) - Control and modulation - imperix","og_description":"This note covers modulation and control techniques for a Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) with a focus on their practical implementation.","og_url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter","og_site_name":"imperix","article_published_time":"2024-03-14T14:47:24+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-03-09T12:00:09+00:00","og_image":[{"width":450,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent, Gabriel Fernandez","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent, Gabriel Fernandez","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter"},"author":{"name":"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#\/schema\/person\/1a0c3f44c7b64b1fd38dec245646aa8c"},"headline":"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC)","datePublished":"2024-03-14T14:47:24+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-09T12:00:09+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter"},"wordCount":1189,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png","keywords":["Three-level converters"],"articleSection":["Technical notes"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter","url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter","name":"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) - Control and modulation - imperix","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png","datePublished":"2024-03-14T14:47:24+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-09T12:00:09+00:00","description":"This note covers modulation and control techniques for a Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC) with a focus on their practical implementation.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3_2_ratio_TN135_2.png","width":450,"height":300},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Knowledge base","item":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Technical notes","item":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/category\/implementation"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPC)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#website","url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/","name":"imperix","description":"power electronics","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#organization","name":"imperix","url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/imperix_logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/imperix_logo.png","width":350,"height":120,"caption":"imperix"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/#\/schema\/person\/1a0c3f44c7b64b1fd38dec245646aa8c","name":"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2021b1358e31ad6f0aa701e6470e41e82025de794c9a6b2014338cbea729454b?s=96&d=mm&r=g6a16fb4ee9f5452cba63eb2a62f66a0f","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2021b1358e31ad6f0aa701e6470e41e82025de794c9a6b2014338cbea729454b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2021b1358e31ad6f0aa701e6470e41e82025de794c9a6b2014338cbea729454b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Fran\u00e7ois Ledent"},"description":"Fran\u00e7ois is an electrical engineer working mainly on power applications and low-level FPGA developments. On the knowledge base, he is the author of several articles on a broad range of applications.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/francois-ledent\/"],"url":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/author\/ledent"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1535"}],"version-history":[{"count":53,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43555,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1535\/revisions\/43555"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28692"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1535"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"software-environments","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/software-environments?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"provided-results","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/provided-results?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"related-products","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/related-products?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"guidedreadings","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/guidedreadings?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"tutorials","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tutorials?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"user-manuals","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/user-manuals?post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}