{"id":18565,"date":"2023-12-15T15:07:47","date_gmt":"2023-12-15T15:07:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=18565"},"modified":"2026-02-05T07:08:55","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T07:08:55","slug":"discontinuous-pwm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm","title":{"rendered":"Discontinuous PWM (DPWM)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#Introduction-to-Discontinuous-PWM\" >Introduction to Discontinuous PWM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#Zero-sequence-signal-generation-for-Discontinuous-PWM\" >Zero-sequence signal generation for Discontinuous PWM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#Classification-of-the-Discontinuous-PWM-methods\" >Classification of the Discontinuous PWM methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#Software-resources\" >Software resources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#Experimental-setup-and-results\" >Experimental setup and results<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#Validation-of-the-Discontinuous-PWM-methods\" >Validation of the Discontinuous PWM methods<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/discontinuous-pwm\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Unlike continuous PWM, where the pulse width is modulated throughout the entire switching cycle, Discontinuous PWM introduces breaks or gaps in the modulation process. These breaks can be intentional and are typically designed to reduce switching losses, improve efficiency, or meet certain harmonic distortion requirements. The term &#8220;Discontinuous PWM&#8221; is coined due to the utilization of modulating signals in these schemes, characterized by their discontinuous nature over time. This unique characteristic is achieved through a method known as zero-sequence voltage injection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A readily applicable Simulink model is presented, encompassing the six most widely employed discontinuous PWM methods, as well as their experimental validation using standard imperix tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The experimental results presented in this article are based on a two-level three-phase inverter, whose topology is depicted below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"547\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/schematic_AN002.png\" alt=\"Topology of a two-level inverter with an RL load\" class=\"wp-image-19097\" style=\"width:547px;height:181px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/schematic_AN002.png 547w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/schematic_AN002-300x99.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 547px) 100vw, 547px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Topology of a two-level inverter with an RL load<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introduction-to-discontinuous-pwm\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction-to-Discontinuous-PWM\"><\/span>Introduction to Discontinuous PWM <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Power conversion is commonly achieved through a switched-mode approach, where a trade-off between switching frequency and switching losses has to be considered. This trade-off is influenced by the characteristics of the chosen PWM method [1]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While producing a sinusoidal phase voltage with a two-level inverter, the peak amplitude is limited by the DC-bus voltage. Based on the illustration below, each leg of the inverter can produce a leg voltage \\(v_{leg}\\) of \\(V_{DC}\/2\\), corresponding to a relative amplitude of the output voltage, often referred to as the&nbsp;<em>modulation index<\/em>, of \\(m=1\\). In the case of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), the output voltage is clipped to \\(\u00b1V_{DC}\/2\\) for \\(m&gt;1\\), and the converter is said to be in the overmodulation region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The discontinuous PWM is a carrier-based method relying on the fundamental principle of saturating the reference voltage signals \\(V_{A}^{\\star},V_{B}^{\\star},V_{C}^{\\star}\\) for 120\u00b0 within a 360\u00b0 cycle, intentionally keeping one of the three converter legs without commutation, by injecting a zero-sequence common-mode voltage \\(V_{0}\\) to the phase voltages \\(V_{A},V_{B},V_{C}\\). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$V_{A,B,C}^{\\star}=V_{A,B,C}+V_0$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The idea behind the Discontinuous PWM injection method is to add a rectangular zero sequence component at triple the fundamental frequency to the sinusoidal reference, which distorts the phase voltage references. This way, the peak voltage of the reference is reduced in comparison to a pure sinusoidal reference, and the modulation index can be increased up to \\(m=2\\sqrt3 \u2248 1.15\\) before hitting the limit imposed by the DC-bus. This theoretical limit applies to all zero-sequence voltage injection PWM methods, including discontinuous PWM.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SPWM_DPWM-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SPWM_DPWM-1.png 765w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SPWM_DPWM-1-300x88.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SPWM vs DPWM: enhanced DC-bus utilization with zero-sequence voltage injection in DPWM<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The main characteristics of DPWM are the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduction in the number of commutations and, consequently, switching losses. For a defined value of allowable switching losses, the effective switching frequency can be increased by 3\/2, resulting in a reduction of the RMS value of the mains current harmonics for high modulation index values. Consequently, a reduced filtering effort is required, as DPWM enables the use of smaller inductors and capacitors, contributing to an overall reduction in the size of passive components. This enhances power density and system integration in space-constrained applications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equal loading of all the switches, as each switch conducts for 60\u00b0, reducing the requirement of thermal management of the semiconductors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Enhanced DC-bus utilization in motor drive applications leads to a higher output voltage, broadening the motor&#8217;s speed range [2]. Moreover, achieving a higher DC-bus utilization is crucial for cost and power density improvements [3]. In grid-tie operations, a higher output voltage is advantageous for optimizing power output from renewable sources, ensuring seamless synchronization with the electrical grid, improving overall power quality, facilitating the integration of multiple energy sources, and efficiently feeding excess power back into the grid [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-zero-sequence-signal-generation-for-discontinuous-pwm\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zero-sequence-signal-generation-for-Discontinuous-PWM\"><\/span>Zero-sequence signal generation for Discontinuous PWM<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"523\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Zero-sequence-injection-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20874\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Zero-sequence-injection-2.png 523w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Zero-sequence-injection-2-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 523px) 100vw, 523px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Zero-sequence injection principle for Discontinuous PWM (readapted from [5])<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>After normalizing the output reference voltage \\(V_{peak_{DPWM}}\\), three-phase sinusoidal modulation signals are generated. These modulation signals are named \\(m_{A}\\), \\(m_{B}\\), and \\(m_{C}\\). To clamp one of the phases to the positive or negative DC-bus, a common-mode signal is computed by evaluating the modulation signals. This computation is done using the formula provided in [5]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$m_{CM+}=1-\\max\\left(m_{A},m_{B},m_{C}\\right)$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$m_{CM-}=-1-\\min\\left(m_{A},m_{B},m_{C}\\right)$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The injection of the common-mode signal into the initial modulation signals results in the following altered modulating signals:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$m_{A}^{*}=m_{A}+m_{CM}$$ $$m_{B}^{*}=m_{B}+m_{CM}$$ $$m_{C}^{*}=m_{C}+m_{CM}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The resulting modulating signals are then compared with carrier waveforms to generate the gate signals \\(S_{A}\\), \\(S_{B}\\), and \\(S_{C}\\). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-classification-of-the-discontinuous-pwm-methods\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification-of-the-Discontinuous-PWM-methods\"><\/span>Classification of the Discontinuous PWM methods<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors in [6] propose a classification of the Discontinuous PWM methods based on the choice of the clamping strategy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Continual-clamp PWM (CCPWM)<\/strong> continually clamps each phase to one of the two DC-buses for 60\u00b0 or 120\u00b0 duration in each half of the fundamental cycle.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>One saturation of 120\u00b0: this corresponds to the methods &#8220;<em>120\u00b0 DPWM with -DC clamping<\/em> &#8221; or &#8220;<em>120\u00b0 DPWM with +DC clamping<\/em>&#8220;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two saturations of 60\u00b0: this corresponds to the methods &#8220;<em>60\u00b0 DPWM clamping<\/em>&#8220;, &#8220;<em>60\u00b0 DPWM with +30\u00b0 phase shift clamping&#8221;,<\/em> and &#8220;60\u00b0 DPWM with -30\u00b0 phase shift clamping&#8221;. In general, the 60\u00b0 clamping duration can be positioned anywhere during the voltage cycle. For an arbitrary <em>\u03b3<\/em> (i.e., 0\u00b0 \u2264 <em>\u03b3<\/em> \u2264 60\u00b0) this results in the expression [5]: <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>$$\\begin{aligned}\\left\\lbrace\\begin{matrix}m_{CM+},\\left(30\u00b0+\\gamma\\right)&lt;wt&lt;\\left(90\u00b0+\\gamma\\right)\\\\ m_{CM-},\\left(90\u00b0+\\gamma\\right)&lt;wt&lt;\\left(150\u00b0+\\gamma\\right)\\end{matrix}\\right.\\end{aligned}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Split-clamp PWM (SCPWM)<\/strong> divides the 60\u00b0 clamping interval into two sub-intervals, which are not necessarily equal, and fall in two different quarter cycles.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Four saturation of 30\u00b0: this corresponds to the strategy called &#8220;<em>30\u00b0 SCPWM<\/em>&#8220;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The generic zero-sequence signal for SCPWM can be obtained by swapping \\(m_{CM+}\\) and \\(m_{CM-}\\).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"875\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DPWM_methods_and_label.png\" alt=\"Waveforms of the most popular Discontinuous PWM methods\" class=\"wp-image-19139\" style=\"width:585px;height:656px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DPWM_methods_and_label.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DPWM_methods_and_label-267x300.png 267w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DPWM_methods_and_label-768x862.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Modulation waveforms of popular Discontinuous PWM methods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Whether continual clamp or split clamp, the positioning of the clamping interval, which depends on the power factor, plays a crucial role in minimizing switching losses, as further detailed in [5]. Discontinuous PWM has proved to showcase superior performances for high modulation indices [7-8], so a high-performance adaptive modulation algorithm could be implemented to swap between different modulation strategies according to the converter operating point [3].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-software-resources\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Software-resources\"><\/span>Software resources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following zip file contains a pre-implemented and pre-tested implementation of the six most common discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation methods for two-level three-phase inverters in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/simulink.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MATLAB Simulink<\/a> environment using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/simulink\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ACG SDK<\/a>. The usage of discontinuous PWM block is simple, as the user only needs to select the desired method.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"601\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Discontinuous_PWM_block-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Discontinuous_PWM_block-1.png 601w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Discontinuous_PWM_block-1-300x167.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Discontinuous PWM block &#8211; Simulink <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TN128_Discontinuous_PWM_Simulink.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download <strong>TN128_Discontinuous_PWM<\/strong>_<strong>Simulink<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The model can simulate the system&#8217;s behavior in an offline simulation and generate code for real-time execution on a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">B-Box RCP digital controller<\/a>. The minimum requirements are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-6b42438c-d863-4c53-b5c9-90cc17faf14c\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/downloads\/\">Imperix ACG SDK<\/a> (latest version recommended)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For control code development and simulation in Simulink:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>MATLAB Simulink R2016a or newer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simscape Power Systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-simulink-implementation\">Simulink implementation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For comparison purposes, both Discontinuous PWM and SPWM methods are implemented in parallel, and the user can select which switching signals will drive the converter.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1867\" height=\"650\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Disscontinuous_PWM_control_Simulink.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20546\" style=\"width:780px;height:272px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Disscontinuous_PWM_control_Simulink.png 1867w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Disscontinuous_PWM_control_Simulink-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Disscontinuous_PWM_control_Simulink-1024x357.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Disscontinuous_PWM_control_Simulink-768x267.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Disscontinuous_PWM_control_Simulink-1536x535.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1867px) 100vw, 1867px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Overview of the open-loop voltage control in Simulink with Discontinuous PWM or SPWM<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-experimental-setup-and-results\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-setup-and-results\"><\/span>Experimental setup and results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>During the experiments, a two-level inverter is connected to a balanced three-phase RL load, under the following conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>DC-bus voltage: 100 V<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control frequency: 20 kHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sampling phase: 0.5 (middle of the switching period)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Load resistance: 8.5 \u03a9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Load inductance: 2.5 mH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The experimental setup is presented in the picture below. The power converter is built from 3x&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-power-module\/\">PEB 8024 phase-leg modules<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Setup-picture-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Setup-picture-1.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Setup-picture-1-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Setup-picture-1-768x375.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Experimental setup<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-validation-of-the-discontinuous-pwm-methods\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Validation-of-the-Discontinuous-PWM-methods\"><\/span>Validation of the Discontinuous PWM methods<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The experimental results for 60\u00b0 Discontinuous PWM and 30\u00b0 Split Clamp PWM are presented in this section. To verify the correct implementation of the provided Discontinuous PWM methods, the output reference voltage peak \\(V_{peak_{DPWM}}\\) is raised from \\(50V\\) to \\(115V\\) at \\(t=0.25 s\\). <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"875\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-60DPWM-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21736\" style=\"width:731px;height:656px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-60DPWM-2.png 975w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-60DPWM-2-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-60DPWM-2-768x689.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Duty cycle, leg voltage and load current for 60\u00b0 DPWM<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The shape of the modulation signal varies depending on the reference output voltage and the chosen clamping method. Thus, when the reference output voltage increases to \\(V_{peak_{DPWM}}=115V\\) at \\(t=0.25 s\\), the modulation signals approach the overmodulation region with different shapes, leading to different overmodulation region characteristics [3].<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"875\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-30SCPWM-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21737\" style=\"width:731px;height:656px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-30SCPWM-1.png 975w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-30SCPWM-1-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Modulation_Voltage__Current-30SCPWM-1-768x689.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Duty cycle, leg voltage and load current for 30\u00b0 SCPWM<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The leg voltage \\(V_{leg,a}\\) shows the different phase clamping strategies of 60\u00b0 DPWM and 30\u00b0 SCPWM. The former clamps phase A with two saturations of 60\u00b0, whereas the latter clamps phase A with four saturations of 30\u00b0, as explained in Section 3. The two different clamping strategies however lead to the same load current, confirming the proper operation of the methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/301684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[1]<\/a> J. Holtz, &#8220;Pulsewidth modulation for electronic power conversion,&#8221; in <em>Proceedings of the IEEE<\/em>, Aug. 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7390093\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[2]<\/a> Q. An, J. Liu, Z. Peng, L. Sun and L. Sun, &#8220;Dual-Space Vector Control of Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive Fed by Dual Inverter,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics<\/em>, Dec. 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/704136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[3]<\/a> A. M. Hava, R. J. Kerkman, and T. A. Lipo, &#8220;Carrier-based PWM-VSI overmodulation strategies: analysis, comparison, and design,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics<\/em>, July 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6151132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[4]<\/a> Q. -C. Zhong and T. Hornik, &#8220;Cascaded Current\u2013Voltage Control to Improve the Power Quality for a Grid-Connected Inverter With a Local Load,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics<\/em>, April 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=7daaaff29de2606dJmltdHM9MTcwMzAzMDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0xYzYyOGI1ZC1mM2U4LTY0NGYtMjIxZC05ODIyZjI0YjY1YTcmaW5zaWQ9NTIzOQ&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=1c628b5d-f3e8-644f-221d-9822f24b65a7&amp;psq=Analysis+of+generalized+continual-clamp+and+split-clamp+PWM+schemes+for+induction+motor+drive&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lcHJpbnRzLmlpc2MuYWMuaW4vNzc3MzIvMS9zYWRfYWNhX3Byb180NC0yXzIwMTkucGRm&amp;ntb=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[5]<\/a> Das, S., Hari, V.S.S.P.K., Kumar, A.,&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>&nbsp;&#8220;Analysis of generalized continual-clamp and split-clamp PWM schemes for induction motor drive&#8221;, Sadhana, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/ck\/a?!&amp;&amp;p=d70a1767a1193641JmltdHM9MTcwMzAzMDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0xYzYyOGI1ZC1mM2U4LTY0NGYtMjIxZC05ODIyZjI0YjY1YTcmaW5zaWQ9NTE4Nw&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=1c628b5d-f3e8-644f-221d-9822f24b65a7&amp;psq=A+Discontinuous+PWM+Techniques+Evaluation+by+Analysis+of+Voltage+and+Current+Waveforms+IEEE&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pcGNvLWNvLmNvbS9JSlNFVC92b2w3L2lzc3VlLTIvQUNFQ1MtNDMucGRm&amp;ntb=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[6]<\/a> F. Zaamouche, S. Salah, and L. Hamiche, \u201cA Discontinuous PWM Techniques Evaluation by Analysis of Voltage and Current Waveforms\u201d, <em>International Journal of Scientific Research &amp; Engineering Technology<\/em>, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/720446\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[7]<\/a> A. M. Hava, R. J. Kerkman and T. A. Lipo, &#8220;A high-performance generalized discontinuous PWM algorithm,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications<\/em>, Sept.-Oct. 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1360067\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[8]<\/a> O. Ojo, &#8220;The generalized discontinuous PWM scheme for three-phase voltage source inverters,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics<\/em>, Dec. 2004.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unlike continuous PWM, where the pulse width is modulated throughout the entire switching cycle, Discontinuous PWM introduces breaks or gaps in the modulation process. These&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":33220,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"software-environments":[103],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,31,32,92,166,111],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[],"coauthors":[81],"class_list":["post-18565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-implementation","software-environments-matlab","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-board-pro","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-micro","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-pm"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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