{"id":28533,"date":"2024-05-16T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-16T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=28533"},"modified":"2026-03-27T15:28:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T15:28:37","slug":"static-synchronous-compensator-statcom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom","title":{"rendered":"Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#Control-implementation-of-the-STATCOM\" >Control implementation of the STATCOM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#Experimental-validation-of-the-STATCOM-controller\" >Experimental validation of the STATCOM controller<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#Test-setup\" >Test setup<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#Test-results\" >Test results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#Downloads\" >Downloads<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#To-go-further\" >To go further<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/static-synchronous-compensator-statcom\/#Academic-references\" >Academic references<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) are power electronic converters aiming at enhancing the overall power quality and system stability in power grids, by dynamically controlling the reactive power flow and reducing the voltage and current harmonics injected into the grid. [1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In medium voltage (MV) distribution systems, step-down transformers are commonly used in STATCOMs to reduce the voltage to levels supported by the power electronic switches [1]. Alternatively, cascaded multi-level topologies, such as the star-connected cascaded H-bridge, have been proposed to eliminate the costly and bulky transformer and thus connect the STATCOM directly to the MV grid [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article presents a simple control implementation allowing the control of the reactive power flow at the point of current coupling (PCC) using the star-connected cascaded H-bridge STATCOM. The control strategy is then experimentally validated on a scaled-down prototype using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power-inverter-modules\/\">imperix MMC bundle<\/a> programmed with the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"677\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/System_schematics-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28862\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/System_schematics-1.png 677w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/System_schematics-1-300x93.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: Topology of the star-connected cascaded H-bridge STATCOM.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-control-implementation-of-the-three-phase-pv-inverter\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Control-implementation-of-the-STATCOM\"><\/span>Control implementation of the STATCOM<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The objective of the control presented in this article is the tracking of a desired reactive power setpoint at the grid terminal (PCC) when a test load is generating or consuming reactive power. Additionally, the capacitor voltages V<sub>dc,i<\/sub> must be balanced to guarantee a safe and stable operation of the converter. The active reduction of the grid current harmonics is out of the scope of this example, and the test load is thus assumed to be a linear load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The control of a cascaded H-bridge detailed in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/cascaded-h-bridge-converter-control\">TN165 CHB control<\/a> is used in this example, with the following adaptations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The grid currents I<sub>g,abc<\/sub> are measured at the PCC and additional current sensors measure the STATCOM currents I<sub>s,abc<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The active (d-axis) load current I<sub>load,FF,d<\/sub> is reconstructed from I<sub>g,d<\/sub> and I<sub>s,d<\/sub> and low-pass filtered to ignore possible harmonics at frequencies higher than the fundamental grid frequency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The output of the average DC-link voltage controller is the d-axis STATCOM current reference I<sub>s,ref,d<\/sub> instead of the d-axis grid current reference I<sub>g,ref,d<\/sub>. I<sub>g,ref,d<\/sub> is then obtained after feed-forwarding the d-axis load current I<sub>load,FF,d<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since the converter currents are named I<sub>s<\/sub> instead of I<sub>g<\/sub>, I<sub>s<\/sub> is used in place of I<sub>g<\/sub> in the decoupling for the dq current control and in the voltage balancing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall control block diagram is depicted in Figure 2. All blocks in black color are taken directly from the example <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/cascaded-h-bridge-converter-control\">TN165 CHB control<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"729\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Control.png\" alt=\"Control diagram of the STATCOM\" class=\"wp-image-28822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Control.png 729w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Control-300x79.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Control diagram of the STATCOM. Adaptations in red compared to TN165.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-validation-of-the-STATCOM-controller\"><\/span>Experimental validation of the STATCOM controller<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Test-setup\"><\/span>Test setup<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The control algorithm presented in the previous section is validated on a scaled-down prototype shown in Figure 3. The STATCOM is implemented using a slightly modified <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/modular-multilevel-converter\/\">MMC bundle<\/a> with 8 H-bridge modules (<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/full-bridge-module\/\">PEH2015<\/a>) per phase and extended with 3 <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\/#optical_expansion_board\">optical expansion boards<\/a> to obtain 16 PWM signal pairs per phase. The grid is taken from the standard 230\/400V 50Hz mains and the average DC-link voltage setpoint is chosen as 50V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The test load is emulated using a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/programmable-inverter\/\">programmable inverter (TPI8032)<\/a>, controlled as a grid-following inverter (see <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/grid-following-inverter\">TN167<\/a> for an implementation example). This allows a freely selectable amount of reactive power to be generated or consumed.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"756\" height=\"651\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Setup.png\" alt=\"Test setup for the STATCOM prototype.\" class=\"wp-image-29037\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Setup.png 756w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Setup-300x258.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3: Picture of the test setup including the STATCOM prototype, the test load, an oscilloscope, and a desktop computer running Cockpit.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Test-results\"><\/span>Test results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To validate the implemented control, the code generated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a> is loaded onto the master <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP<\/a>. The linear load emulated by the TPI using the control in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/grid-following-inverter\">TN167<\/a> is set to 4kVar (inductive behavior). In <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/cockpit\/\">Cockpit<\/a>, the following test sequence is initiated and a scope module monitors the relevant signals (Figure 4):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>t &lt; 1 s: The STATCOM is inactive and the 4kVar generated by the load (<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/programmable-inverter\/\">TPI8032<\/a>) flow into the grid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: var(--global-palette4); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', var(--global-fallback-font);\">t = 1 s: The STATCOM is activated <\/span>with a reference reactive power at the PCC of 0Var. This efficiently suppresses the grid currents I<sub>g,a<\/sub>, I<sub>g,b<\/sub> and I<sub>g,c<\/sub>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>t = 1.1 s: <span style=\"color: var(--global-palette4); font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', var(--global-fallback-font);\">The reactive power reference at the PCC steps to 5kVar<\/span> (inductive)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>t = 1.2 s: The reactive power reference at the PCC steps to -2kVar (capacitive).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>During the whole test sequence, it can be seen that the 24 capacitor voltages V<sub>dc,A0<\/sub> to V<sub>dc,C7<\/sub> remain balanced despite unavoidable transient perturbations at the reactive power steps. The maximum transient imbalance does not exceed the amplitude of the voltage pulsation, which can be considered satisfactory.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"888\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/TPI_4kVar_DTVf_Vdc_framed_5000_m2000-1024x888.png\" alt=\"Test sequence of the STATCOM initiated and monitored with the software Cockpit.\" class=\"wp-image-28853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/TPI_4kVar_DTVf_Vdc_framed_5000_m2000-1024x888.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/TPI_4kVar_DTVf_Vdc_framed_5000_m2000-300x260.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/TPI_4kVar_DTVf_Vdc_framed_5000_m2000-768x666.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/TPI_4kVar_DTVf_Vdc_framed_5000_m2000.png 1177w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4: Test sequence of the STATCOM initiated and monitored with the Cockpit software.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the voltage generated by the STATCOM converter in phase A is measured using a differential voltage probe and an oscilloscope (CH1, yellow). It can be verified in Figure 5 that the voltage has a staircase shape with 2*N+1 = 17 levels. The screenshot in Figure 5 is taken at t = 1.05 s, when the STATCOM current (phase A, CH2, cyan) matches the purely reactive load current (phase A, CH3, magenta). This means that the grid current (difference between load current and STATCOM current) vanishes and the reactive power of the load is compensated by the STATCOM.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Oscillo_Ea_Iloada_Isa.png\" alt=\"Oscilloscope screenshot of the STATCOM voltages and currents.\" class=\"wp-image-28568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Oscillo_Ea_Iloada_Isa.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Oscillo_Ea_Iloada_Isa-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Oscillo_Ea_Iloada_Isa-768x473.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 5: CH1 (yellow) generated converter voltage in phase A, CH2 (cyan) STATCOM converter current in phase A (Is,a), CH3 (magenta) load current in phase A. Taken at 1.05 s in Figure 4.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-downloads\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Downloads\"><\/span>Downloads<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Two sets of files are proposed, suitable for implementing the STATCOM control and simulating its behavior in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/simulink.html\">MATLAB Simulink<\/a>&nbsp;or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/plecs\">Plexim PLECS<\/a> environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Simulink model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-440f8516-7f75-4b22-9dc4-92a211099708\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/AN013_STATCOM_Simulink.zip\">AN013_STATCOM_Simulink<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/AN013_STATCOM_Simulink.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-440f8516-7f75-4b22-9dc4-92a211099708\">Download<strong> AN013_STATCOM_Simulink.zip<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>PLECS model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-b9623e52-2c42-4d4e-b3a1-dc663060ba08\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/AN013_STATCOM_PLECS.zip\">AN013_STATCOM_PLECS<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/AN013_STATCOM_PLECS.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-b9623e52-2c42-4d4e-b3a1-dc663060ba08\">Download <strong>AN015_STATCOM_PLECS.zip<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"h-minimum-requirements\"><strong>Minimum requirements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Imperix <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a> 2024.1.1 or newer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For control code development and simulation in Simulink:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>MATLAB Simulink R2016a or newer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For control code development and simulation in PLECS:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plexim PLECS 4.5 or newer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"To-go-further\"><\/span>To go further<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Another possible application of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/cascaded-h-bridge-converter-control\">cascaded H-bridge control (TN165)<\/a> used in this example with reactive power control is the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/solid-state-transformer\">MV-LV solid-state transformer (AN015)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In some applications, the reactive power flow at the PCC is used to stabilize the grid voltage. There, the reactive power setpoint is dynamically adjusted by a higher-level controller. This concept is for instance used in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/proportional-droop-control\">Proportional droop control (TN169)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/virtual-synchronous-generator-for-droop-control\">Virtual synchronous generator for droop control (TN170)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/virtual-impedance-for-droop-control\">Virtual impedance for droop control (TN171)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Academic-references\"><\/span>Academic references<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/28.793373\">[1]<\/a> Y. Liang, C. O. Nwankpa, \u201cA New Type of STATCOM Based on Cascading Voltage-Source Inverters with Phase Shifted Unipolar SPWM,\u201d in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 35, no. 5, September\/October 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIA.2007.900487\">[2]<\/a> H. Akagi, S. Inoue, T. Yoshii, \u201cControl and Performance of a Transformerless Cascade PWM STATCOM With Star Configuration,\u201d in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 4, July\/August 2007.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) are power electronic converters aiming at enhancing the overall power quality and system stability in power grids, by dynamically controlling the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":28038,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[20],"software-environments":[103,104],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,166,113,111],"guidedreadings":[120],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[],"coauthors":[78],"class_list":["post-28533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-example","tag-multilevel-converters","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-mmc","related-products-pm","guidedreadings-static-synchronous-compensator-statcom"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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