{"id":31360,"date":"2024-11-28T12:20:18","date_gmt":"2024-11-28T12:20:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=31360"},"modified":"2025-05-07T08:00:19","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T08:00:19","slug":"thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library","title":{"rendered":"Thermal simulation with Imperix Power library"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Why-thermal-modeling-is-useful\" >Why thermal modeling is useful<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#How-to-use-Imperix-Power-library-for-thermal-simulation\" >How to use Imperix Power library for thermal simulation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Thermal-modeling-of-imperix-power-products\" >Thermal modeling of imperix power products<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#PLECS\" >PLECS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Simulink\" >Simulink<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Reference\" >Reference<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Experimental-validation-of-the-loss-model\" >Experimental validation of the loss model<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Measurement-of-thermal-losses\" >Measurement of thermal losses<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#Comparison-between-simulation-and-experimental-results\" >Comparison between simulation and experimental results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/thermal-simulation-with-imperix-power-library\/#To-go-further\" >To go further<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>The imperix Power library is a blockset contained within the imperix&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a>&nbsp;that provides rapid and accurate modeling of imperix power products. Starting from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/downloads\/\">2025.1 BETA<\/a>, the Imperix Power library enables thermal modeling of power semiconductors on imperix power modules. This function is available in Simulink and PLECS. To get started with the Power Library, please refer the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/getting-started-with-imperix-power-library\">Getting-started guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This product note summarizes all the useful information on thermal modeling and how to get started with thermal simulation with the Imperix Power library. A simulation example of a Buck converter with a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\">PEB8038 half-bridge module<\/a> is provided to show how the thermal simulation model is established and validated in experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">Imperix Power library is available starting from ACG SDK 2024.2. Moreover, thermal simulation is enabled from ACG SDK 2025.1 BETA. Simulink Simscape Electrical or PLECS is also required. The Simulink version is only compatible with Specialized Power Systems. The supported versions are:<br><strong>\u2022<\/strong>\u00a0Simulink R2016a or newer.<br><strong>\u2022<\/strong>\u00a0Plexim PLECS 4.5 or newer.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">The thermal models and thermal simulation results do not guarantee the safe operation of the power modules in real systems. Please check the information on the Safe Operating Area in the module&#8217;s datasheet.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why-thermal-modeling-is-useful\"><\/span>Why thermal modeling is useful<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Power semiconductors, such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, and diodes, generate conduction and switching losses during their operation. For power electronics engineers, thermal modeling of power semiconductors provides a way of evaluating the impact of different control and modulation strategies (for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/carrier-based-pwm\">Carrier-based PWM<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/space-vector-modulation\">Space Vector PWM<\/a>) on losses via simulation. By linking electrical control strategies to thermal outcomes, engineers can better test and optimize the efficiency of their systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thermal modeling is useful in many power electronics applications. For example in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/electric-car-motor-control\">Electric Vehicles (EVs)<\/a>, thermal simulation helps to estimate the losses in inverters under varying torque and speed profiles, and guides the design of thermal management. In <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/multi-converters-system\">micro-grid systems<\/a>, thermal simulation is useful in optimizing the controller and modulation of multi-level converters, enhancing the efficiency of power delivery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several semiconductor manufacturers provide dedicated simulation tools or models for their components. PLECS and Simscape also provide their thermal simulation libraries. For the users of imperix power modules, the Imperix Power library provides rapid and accurate thermal modeling of semiconductors in offline simulation based on PLECS and Simulink.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How-to-use-Imperix-Power-library-for-thermal-simulation\"><\/span>How to use Imperix Power library for thermal simulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As of today, the Imperix Power library includes the thermal simulation models for <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\">PEB8038<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-power-module\/\">PEB8024<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/npc-converter-module\/\">PEN8018<\/a>, covering most of the power applications using imperix power modules. More thermal models will be included in the future release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before starting to use the Imperix Power library for thermal simulations, it is strongly recommended to read the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/getting-started-with-imperix-power-library\">PN150<\/a> first, which introduces the basics of the Imperix Power library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Imperix Power library is included with the ACG SDK. To enable thermal simulation, thermal description files must be added to the path of the simulation software (Simulink or PLECS). In Simulink, these files are automatically added by the script <code>imperix_ACG_SDK_setup.m<\/code> during the installation of ACG SDK (see below). If the script was not executed during installation, it can also be executed manually from the MATLAB Command Window.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"499\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/image.png 499w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/image-300x233.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Check these boxes to add necessary files in the MATLAB path<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In PLECS, the thermal description files must be added manually. Users must open PLECS and go to <em>Files -&gt; PLECS Preferences -&gt; Thermal <\/em>tab and add <em>&lt;install dir&gt;\/plecs\/Imperix_Controllers\/thermal<\/em> into the thermal description search path. Once done, all the thermal description files can be viewed in <em>Window -&gt; Thermal Library Browser<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"466\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_install_plecs.png\" alt=\"PLECS thermal description path\" class=\"wp-image-31610\" style=\"width:466px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_install_plecs.png 466w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_install_plecs-300x259.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Adding thermal description files in PLECS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Thermal simulation can be enabled in the <em>Thermal<\/em> Tab of a mask in Simulink or PLECS. All the losses are averaged over a chosen period, which is 1 ms by default. The thermal simulation results can be acquired through the <em>Th<\/em> bus output in Simulink or a probe in PLECS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"778\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_simulink.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-31816\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_simulink.png 778w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_simulink-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_simulink-768x303.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 778px) 100vw, 778px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Thermal simulation outputs in Simulink<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"589\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_plecs.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-31817\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_plecs.png 589w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_output_plecs-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Thermal simulation outputs in PLECS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thermal-modeling-of-imperix-power-products\"><\/span>Thermal modeling of imperix power products<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The thermal modeling of an imperix power product mainly focuses on the modeling of the semiconductors. The losses generated outside the semiconductors are ignored, such as the DC-link and the PCB traces. In addition, the variable speed of the fan on the heatsink is not modeled, and full speed is always considered. Overall, the established thermal model consists of two parts, namely:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Modeling of the thermal losses of power semiconductors. For switching devices such as MOSFETs and IGBTs, the switching loss (turn-on and turn-off loss) and conduction loss are modeled. For diodes, the reverse recovery loss (turn-off loss) and conduction loss are modeled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Modeling of the thermal impedance network between the semiconductors and the air, including the thermal resistance and thermal capacitance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to mention that only the thermal resistance is modeled in the Imperix Power library blocks. All the thermal capacitances are either ignored or fixed at a small value to reduce the simulation time for the system to reach a thermal steady state. Therefore, the imperix Power library is mainly aimed at simulating the losses and temperatures in the steady state, but it cannot accurately simulate the dynamic changes of temperature when the operating condition changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The losses of power semiconductors vary under different operating conditions. More specifically, the conduction loss is modeled by the drain-to-source on resistance \\(R_{DS(on)}\\) (for MOSFET) or forward voltage \\(V_{f}\\) (for IGBT and Diode), which depends on the on-state current and temperature. The switching loss depends on the device current and voltage during the switch transient, which is however difficult to simulate accurately. A more practical method is to read the operating conditions from an ideal electrical model and get the losses based on prebuilt look-up tables provided by the manufacturers. The detailed implementation method is different in PLECS and Simulink and will be addressed separately in the subsequent sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">Some manufacturers, such as Wolfspeed, merge the turn-off loss of the MOSFET body diode with the turn-on loss of the MOSFET in their provided thermal models. This is the case for the C2M0080120D model used in PEB8024.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PLECS\"><\/span>PLECS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>PLECS records the semiconductor&#8217;s operating condition (forward current, blocking voltage, junction temperature) before and after each switch operation. It then uses these parameters to read the resulting dissipated energy from a look-up table. [1] The turn-on loss \\(E_{on}\\) and turn-off loss \\( E_{off} \\) are modeled by a 3D look-up table as shown in the following example. The \\(E_{on}\\) is represented as pulses that only take value at switch-on events, and have to be averaged over a certain period to get the turn-on loss \\(P_{on}\\) in watt. Same for the turn-off loss \\(P_{off}\\).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"515\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_mosfet_Eon1.png\" alt=\"Thermal modeling of power semiconductors' Eon in PEB8038\" class=\"wp-image-31996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_mosfet_Eon1.png 515w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_mosfet_Eon1-300x191.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Turn-on loss of Onsemi NTHL020N120SC1 in PEB8038<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The semiconductor&#8217;s drain-to-source voltage at on state \\(V_{on}\\) is modeled by a 2D look-up table as shown below. The conduction loss \\(P_{cond}\\) is then calculated by \\(P_{cond} = V_{on} \\cdot I_{on}\\).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"564\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_mosfet_Von1.png\" alt=\"PEB8038 MOSFET Von\" class=\"wp-image-31998\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_mosfet_Von1.png 564w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_mosfet_Von1-300x157.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 564px) 100vw, 564px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">On-state drain-to-source voltage of Onsemi NTHL020N120SC1 in PEB8038<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Several manufacturers provide thermal modeling files of their power semiconductors or modules [2], while the implementation method varies among different manufacturers. In the Imperix Power library, all the power semiconductors are modeled with ideal devices, and the body diodes of MOSFET and anti-parallel diodes of IGBT are also modeled separately. The look-up tables are taken from the manufacturers&#8217; files.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The thermal resistance between the semiconductor&#8217;s junction and the case is also provided by the manufacturers, while the thermal capacitance is either ignored or fixed at a small value (0.01 J\/K usually) for the reason previously explained. To complete the thermal network, the thermal resistance between the heatsink and the ambient temperature is measured experimentally. Finally, the thermal simulation model of an imperix power product is obtained, as shown below. Note that each Heat Sink block represents the case of a semiconductor component.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"407\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_plecs1.png\" alt=\"Thermal modeling of semiconductors in PEB in PLECS\" class=\"wp-image-32137\" style=\"width:405px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_plecs1.png 407w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_plecs1-300x179.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Thermal model of PEB in PLECS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Simulink\"><\/span>Simulink<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Simscape Electrical library includes thermal models of semiconductors and a loss visualizer, which features a different implementation approach to model power losses from PLECS. This page will focus on the implementation using Specialized Power Systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike PLECS, the Simscape Specialized Power Systems library doesn&#8217;t have a built-in method for the thermal modeling of semiconductors. However, this functionality can be implemented by recording the operating conditions from the electrical model and calculating the losses based on the look-up tables provided by the manufacturers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The thermal model, including the thermal impedance network, is built with the Thermal sublibrary of Simscape. Semiconductors are modeled as controlled thermal sources, linking the electrical domain and the thermal domain. The thermal simulation model is obtained in Simulink, as shown below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1443\" height=\"722\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_simulink2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-32136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_simulink2.png 1443w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_simulink2-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_simulink2-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB_thermal_model_simulink2-768x384.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1443px) 100vw, 1443px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Thermal model of PEB8038 in PLECS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reference\"><\/span>Reference<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] Plexim, &#8220;Thermal Simulation&#8221;, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/products\/plecs\/thermal\">https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/products\/plecs\/thermal<\/a>, Accessed Dec. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] Plexim, &#8220;Thermal Semiconductor Models for PLECS&#8221;, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/download\/thermal_models\">https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/download\/thermal_models<\/a>, Accessed Dec. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-validation-of-the-loss-model\"><\/span>Experimental validation of the loss model<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As previously explained, the established thermal models include the semiconductor&#8217;s loss model and the thermal impedance network model. However, it is hard to validate the impedance model experimentally because the junction temperature is inaccessible. Therefore, this page will focus on the validation process of the loss model. A two-step experiment is designed to compare the total losses between the simulation and experiment under different operating conditions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first step, the relationship between a module&#8217;s total loss \\(P_{tot}\\) and the temperature rise \\(\\Delta T\\) of the heatsink is modeled, which provides an indirect measurement of the losses by measuring the heatsink temperature. Meanwhile, the thermal resistance between the heatsink and the ambient temperature is also measured in this step. In the second step, the same module is operated under different working conditions, and the measured total losses are compared with the simulation results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This page introduces the experimental validation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\">PEB8038<\/a> model as an example, with the simulation model provided in Simulink and PLECS. A similar process can be applied to <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-power-module\/\">PEB8024<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/npc-converter-module\/\">PEN8018<\/a> as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measurement-of-thermal-losses\"><\/span>Measurement of thermal losses<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The total loss \\(P_{tot}\\) generated by the semiconductors of a power module is indirectly measured by measuring the temperature rise \\(\\Delta T\\) at a fixed point on the module&#8217;s heatsink.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the following circuit diagram shows, the first-step experiment is performed to model the relationship between \\(P_{tot}\\) and \\(\\Delta T\\). The module under test is supplied by a DC source working in constant current output mode. The two gates are switched ON simultaneously. In this case, the total loss \\(P_{tot}\\) is equal to the conduction loss \\(P_{cond}\\), which can be calculated by \\(P_{cond} = V \\cdot I\\), where the current \\(I\\) is measured by the voltage drop on a 10m\u03a9 shunt resistor, and the voltage \\(V\\) is measured by a multimeter.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"493\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest1_schematic1.png\" alt=\"Circuit diagram of the 1st-step experiment\" class=\"wp-image-31989\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:285px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest1_schematic1.png 493w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest1_schematic1-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Circuit diagram of the 1st-step experiment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The heatsink&#8217;s temperature \\( T\\) is measured by a temperature sensor glued on it. Another temperature sensor is put aside to measure the ambient temperature \\(T_{amb}\\). During the test, the fan on the heatsink always runs at full speed. By increasing the DC current and recording the temperature, an equation between the total loss \\(P_{tot}\\) and temperature rise \\(\\Delta T = T &#8211; T_{amb}\\) is acquired. The following figure shows a good linear relationship between the two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_PvsT-1.png\" alt=\"PEB8038 - P vs T\" class=\"wp-image-31983\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_PvsT-1.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_PvsT-1-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_PvsT-1-768x295.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, this figure also validates the fact that the module&#8217;s heatsink can be modeled with a thermal resistance, whose value equals the slope of the line, which is 0.2839 K\/W. With this curve, the module&#8217;s total loss \\(P_{tot}\\) can be calculated by applying the measured heatsink temperature rise \\(\\Delta T\\) to the equation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison-between-simulation-and-experimental-results\"><\/span>Comparison between simulation and experimental results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The circuit diagram of the 2nd-step experiment is depicted below. The module under test works as a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\">Buck converter<\/a> with a fixed duty cycle. A 50% duty cycle is chosen for the experiment listed below, but other values could also be selected and the same conclusion would be achieved. <span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">Another PEB8038, working as a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/pi-controller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boost converter with a PI current controller,<\/a>&nbsp;is used as a current-controlled load.<\/span> The DC bus is supplied by an 800V DC source. The load capacitor \\(C_L\\) is 10\u00b5F, and each inductor \\(L\\) is 2.2mH.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"862\" height=\"347\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest2_schematic2.png\" alt=\"Circuit diagram of the 2nd-step experiment\" class=\"wp-image-31993\" style=\"width:493px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest2_schematic2.png 862w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest2_schematic2-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/thermal_PEBtest2_schematic2-768x309.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Circuit diagram of the 2nd-step experiment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The simulation models in Simulink and PLECS are provided below. Due to the different implementation methods of the thermal model, the simulation results can be slightly different between Simulink and PLECS (1-2 watts at max in terms of total losses), which doesn&#8217;t affect the conclusions. Note that all the results given below are based on the PLECS model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Simulink model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PN132_PEB8038_validation.slx\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download><strong>Download PN132_PEB8038_validation_simulink<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>PLECS model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PN132_PEB8038_validation.plecs\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download><strong>Download PN132_PEB8038_validation_plecs<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The second-step experiment is performed by running the system in different currents and switching frequencies. The DC bus voltage is kept at 800V throughout the experiment. By measuring the temperature rise \\(\\Delta T\\) at the same measurement point on the heatsink as the first step, the module&#8217;s total loss \\(P_{tot}\\) can be calculated with the obtained equation, and the simulation and experimental results are compared in the graph below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_Pvsf-1.png\" alt=\"PEB8038 - P vs f, I\" class=\"wp-image-31984\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_Pvsf-1.png 780w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_Pvsf-1-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PEB8038_Pvsf-1-768x295.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall, the simulated total losses are generally consistent with the total losses measured in experiments. The difference may come from inaccuracies in the measuring tools, especially the temperature measurements. Moreover, although the effect of gate resistance has been taken into account in the manufacturers&#8217; models, the switching characteristics in the PEB module may still differ from the manufacturers&#8217; test environment due to different gate drivers and parasitic capacitances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further analysis is possible based on the thermal simulation results. Due to space limitations, not all the data under all the operating conditions is listed. It can be observed that the simulated conduction loss is approximately proportional to the current, while the switching loss is approximately proportional to the switching frequency, which is expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>f<sub>sw<\/sub> [kHz]<\/td><td>P<sub>tot,exp<\/sub> [W]<\/td><td>P<sub>tot,sim<\/sub> [W]<\/td><td>P<sub>cond,sim <\/sub>[W]<\/td><td>P<sub>sw,sim<\/sub> [W]<\/td><td>T<sub>j,H<\/sub> [\u00b0C]<\/td><td>T<sub>j,L<\/sub> [\u00b0C]<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>15.47<\/td><td>11.66<\/td><td>2.28<\/td><td>9.38<\/td><td>37.94<\/td><td>32.69<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20<\/td><td>24.63<\/td><td>22.12<\/td><td>2.44<\/td><td>19.67<\/td><td>47.19<\/td><td>36.15<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>30<\/td><td>34.14<\/td><td>32.77<\/td><td>2.68<\/td><td>30.09<\/td><td>56.59<\/td><td>39.70<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>40<\/td><td>45.06<\/td><td>43.56<\/td><td>2.93<\/td><td>40.63<\/td><td>66.20<\/td><td>43.41<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>50<\/td><td>54.92<\/td><td>54.56<\/td><td>3.19<\/td><td>51.36<\/td><td>75.82<\/td><td>47.08<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">PEB8038 thermal simulation results when I = 10A<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"To-go-further\"><\/span>To go further<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The same simulation model can also be used for the validation of PEB8024. A three-phase grid-connected <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/neutral-point-clamped-inverter\">NPC converter<\/a> model is used for the validation of PEN8018, and the simulation models are given below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Simulink model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PN132_PEN8018_validation.slx\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download><strong>Download PN132_PEN8018_validation_simulink<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>PLECS model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/PN132_PEN8018_validation.plecs\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download><strong>Download PN132_PEN8018_validation_plecs<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>For more details on the thermal models, please read the dedicated software documentation pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/half-bridge-module\">PEB \u2013 Half-bridge module<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/npc-phase-leg\">PEN \u2013 NPC phase-leg<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>More power library examples are available on the Knowledge Base, covering a wide range of application scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/solid-state-transformer\">AN015 \u2013 Solid-state transformer (SST) for MV-LV smart grids<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/getting-started-npc-converter\">TN132 \u2013 Getting started with an NPC converter<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/vf-control-induction-machine\">TN138 \u2013 V\/f control of an induction machine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/grid-following-inverter\">TN167 \u2013 Grid-Following Inverter (GFLI)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The imperix Power library is a blockset contained within the imperix&nbsp;ACG SDK&nbsp;that provides rapid and accurate modeling of imperix power products. Starting from 2025.1 BETA,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":32137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"software-environments":[103,104],"provided-results":[108,107],"related-products":[50,111],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[135],"coauthors":[72,101],"class_list":["post-31360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-help","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","provided-results-experimental","provided-results-simulation","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-pm","user-manuals-going-further-with-acg-sdk"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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