{"id":36077,"date":"2025-11-11T10:16:48","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T10:16:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=36077"},"modified":"2026-02-03T10:13:40","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T10:13:40","slug":"over-current-and-over-voltage-protection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection","title":{"rendered":"Over-current and over-voltage protection"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Protection-of-imperix-equipment\" >Protection of imperix equipment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#External-energy-limiting-devices\" >External energy-limiting devices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Fast-threshold-based-protections\" >Fast threshold-based protections<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Principles-of-use-and-operation\" >Principles of use and operation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Quick-configuration-guidelines\" >Quick configuration guidelines<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Selection-of-the-protection-thresholds\" >Selection of the protection thresholds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Scaling-of-the-protection-thresholds\" >Scaling of the protection thresholds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Configuration-of-the-protection-thresholds\" >Configuration of the protection thresholds<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/over-current-and-over-voltage-protection\/#Example-protections-in-practice\" >Example: protections in practice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Imperix products are designed to prioritize safety, giving users the confidence needed to move straight to laboratory testing as soon as possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article aims to provide insight into how embedded over-current and over-voltage protection work to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment during operation, and to point to relevant resources to ensure the correct configuration of these safety features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-success\" role=\"alert\">General <strong>safety-related recommendations<\/strong> for operating power converters in a laboratory environment are given in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/safety-and-protection-in-the-lab\">TN181<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Protection-of-imperix-equipment\"><\/span>Protection of imperix equipment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Imperix equipment can be easily integrated in compliance with safety requirements. With respect to equipment protection, imperix systems rely on two categories of devices and mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"External-energy-limiting-devices\"><\/span>External energy-limiting devices<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Energy-limiting devices (circuit breakers, fuses, TVS, etc.) are implemented when required, typically with equipment meant to be connected to the utility grid. By essence, energy-limiting devices can break a fault (current or voltage), but cannot detect a fault early (i.e., before a critical energy level). This provides an indispensable layer of protection, but it is unfortunately <strong>too slow<\/strong> (a few milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds) to avoid any damage, notably to power semiconductors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a power electronics environment, such safety devices can be considered as effective solely against risks of fire. For the vast majority of other purposes, they offer insufficient limitation of the fault energy, which can already significantly damage the equipment. Notably, supplementary mechanisms offering lower thresholds and\/or <strong>faster reaction times are indispensable<\/strong> for protecting power semiconductors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fast-threshold-based-protections\"><\/span>Fast threshold-based protections<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Fast threshold-based protections&nbsp;guarantee reaction times in accordance with the typical current and voltage rise rates in power electronic systems (down to sub-microseconds). These operate by blocking the semiconductor devices before a critical level is reached, leaving the currents to vanish naturally. This is very effective with voltage source converters (VSCs). However, such protections cannot cover all sorts of faults, notably due to the free-wheeling current paths that inevitably exist in most power switches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imperix equipment offers three distinct types of <strong>fast threshold-based protections<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fixed hardware protections <strong>inside imperix power modules<\/strong>. These implement non-configurable over-current, over-voltage, and over-temperature thresholds, set at the maximum admissible ratings of the modules (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/peb-800-40\">PEB-800-40<\/a>). These represent last-resort protections, which can prove useful when imperix modules are used with third-party controllers. However, the pre-programmed thresholds may prove to be excessive with respect to the overall application or other pieces of equipment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Programmable hardware protections <strong>inside imperix controllers<\/strong>. These implement easily configurable thresholds, which can be adjusted closely to the planned operating points of the application. Different protection characteristics exist among imperix controllers (see below).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>User-defined <strong>software protections<\/strong> inside the application software. These do not exist by default, but can always be implemented inside the control algorithms, typically using software comparisons. Despite a slower reaction time (that is a function of the control execution rate), software protections can easily implement non-constant thresholds, or be activated\/deactivated as a function of the operating state of the system (e.g. a minimum voltage protection on a DC bus is extremely inconvenient otherwise).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>An example involving all three layers of protection is given <a href=\"#protectionsinpractice\">further down the article.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles-of-use-and-operation\"><\/span>Principles of use and operation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On all imperix controllers, safety limits operate as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When an over-current or over-voltage occurs, the imperix controller instantly blocks all PWM outputs and switches its operating state to FAULT. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A log message is made available in Cockpit, indicating on which channel the fault occurred. On B-Box 3 and 4 devices, the origin of the fault is also indicated by a steady orange LED on the corresponding RJ45 socket (see the individual product documentation for details).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once the root cause of the fault is well understood by the operator, the fault can be acknowledged, reverting the system to its BLOCKED state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PWM outputs can then be re-enabled in Cockpit. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The protections available on imperix controllers are compared in the table below. Other differences between them are described in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-choose-between-imperix-controllers\">PN250<\/a>. Product notes related to a specific imperix controller are linked below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Programming the protections on the <a href=\"#BBOX4\">B-Box 4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Programming the protections on the <a href=\"#BBOXRCP\">B-Box RCP 3.0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Programming the protections on the <a href=\"#BBOXMICRO\">B-Box micro<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protections on the <a href=\"#TPI8032\">TPI 8032<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protections on the <a href=\"#BBOARDPRO\">B-Board PRO<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Controller<\/th><th>Implementation<\/th><th>Configurable<\/th><th>Range<\/th><th>Speed<\/th><th>Configuration<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/B-Box_4_Datasheet.pdf\">B-Box 4<\/a><\/td><td>Protected FPGA firmware<\/td><td>YES<\/td><td>\u00b110V<\/td><td>Ultra: &lt;800ns<br>Fast: 1.6\u00b5s<\/td><td>in Cockpit or with front panel<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/B-Box_Datasheet.pdf\">B-Box RCP<\/a><\/td><td>Hardware comparators<\/td><td>YES<\/td><td>\u00b110V<\/td><td>Fast: 1.6\u00b5s<\/td><td>with Front panel <sup>2<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/B-Box_micro_Datasheet.pdf\">B-Box micro<\/a><\/td><td>Protected FPGA firmware<\/td><td>YES<\/td><td>\u00b15V<\/td><td>Fast: 1.5\u00b5s<\/td><td>in Cockpit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/B-Board_Datasheet.pdf\">B-Board PRO<\/a><\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/TPI8032_Datasheet.pdf\">TPI 8032<\/a><\/td><td>Protected FPGA firmware <sup>1<\/sup><\/td><td>NO <\/td><td>True values<\/td><td>Fast: 4\u00b5s<\/td><td>Automatically follow TPI8032 SOA<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:-30px;margin-bottom:-30px\"><sup>1<\/sup> The external analog inputs of the TPI 8032 do NOT offer hardware protections.<br><sup>2<\/sup> Saving\/restoring the protection configuration requires a USB key on the B-Box RCP3.0, as it is entirely independent of Cockpit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quick-configuration-guidelines\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quick-configuration-guidelines\"><\/span>Quick configuration guidelines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-danger\" role=\"alert\">Over-current and over-voltage protection can only be effective and useful provided that:<br>&#8211; The to-be-protected quantity is measured with a working sensor that is <strong>effectively wired<\/strong>. As obvious as this seems, it is key to double-check that all relevant connections are made to the controller.<br>&#8211; The configured thresholds are <strong>correctly computed<\/strong> and applied. When in doubt, tests should be conducted with reduced test thresholds.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Selection-of-the-protection-thresholds\"><\/span>Selection of the protection thresholds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When working with imperix equipment, user-defined over-current and over-voltage thresholds shall be selected to protect the imperix equipment but also the surrounding equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indeed, <strong>safety limits defined on the imperix controller also contribute to the protection of auxiliary equipment<\/strong>. An elementary but critical example of that is the over-voltage protection of a DC bus, which is fundamental to the protection of a DC power supply connected to that bus, especially if that source is unidirectional and\/or rated for a lower voltage than the imperix modules. As such, imperix recommends:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Always select protection thresholds as close as possible to the planned operating points.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Be very careful when including some margin in the selection of the thresholds. The overload capability of power electronic circuits is generally extremely limited.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seek to constantly consider the weakest element in the system, as it may not necessarily be a power module, but a power supply, a cable, a resistor, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Test protections with lower limits in case of any doubts.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scaling-of-the-protection-thresholds\"><\/span>Scaling of the protection thresholds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The quantities measured by imperix controllers go through the analog chain, as shown in the figure below. The protection is acting on either the pre-conversion ADC value (B-Box RCP 3.0) or the post-conversion ADC values (B-Box 4, B-Box micro, TPI). In both cases, the ADC value can be computed using the following equation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$ \\text{value for protection} = \\text{true value} * \\text{sensor sensitivity} * \\text{programmable gain}$$<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"614\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sensitivity-measured-value-v3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sensitivity-measured-value-v3.png 614w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sensitivity-measured-value-v3-300x170.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Controller<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Programmable gain<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Range for protection thresholds<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box 4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1x<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u00b110V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box RCP <sup>3.0<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Configurable on front panel <br>(1x, 2x, 4x, 8x)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u00b110V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box micro <sup>3.0<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1x<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u00b15V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Configuration-of-the-protection-thresholds\"><\/span>Configuration of the protection thresholds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"BBOX4\">B-Box 4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Detailed information regarding the configuration of analog I\/Os is given in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-i-o-configuration-on-b-box-4\">PN252<\/a>. Regarding the configuration of the safety limits, two cases should be distinguished:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B-Box 4 can automatically identify and read the sensitivity and offset information from compatible sensors (read more in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sensor-auto-identification\">PN255<\/a>). <span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">In this case, safety limits can be configured in&nbsp;<strong>true value<\/strong>, i.e., typically as a voltage or current before the sensor (e.g., in hundreds of Volts, or Amperes<\/span>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With older or third-party sensors, auto-identification is not available. In this case, safety limits must be configured based on the <strong>value for protection<\/strong>, i.e. considering the sensor sensitivity manually.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To configure the safety limits, two approaches are possible:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In Cockpit, by accessing the &#8220;Analog I\/Os&#8221; configuration. It can be reached through the &#8220;Targets&#8221; pane and by selecting the desired controller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the front-panel (LCD screen and rotary button) and similarly browsing to the &#8220;Analog I\/Os&#8221; menu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>With B-Box 4, two safety-related settings can be configured:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The safety limits themselves (HIGH and LOW thresholds) between -10V and +10V.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reaction speed: ULTRA-FAST (800ns) or FAST (1.6us). FAST is recommended, except for extremely fast switching applications with high dI\/dt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">On B-Box 4, one or both safety limits can be disabled by setting the corresponding threshold to a value outside of the [-10, 10] range. Disabling of the safety limits is indicated by the threshold value being transformed into +inf or -inf.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"BBOXRCP\">B-Box RCP 3.0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Detailed information on the analog input stage is given in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-inputs-configuration-on-b-box-micro\">PN105<\/a>. This note also provides complete details regarding the configuration of the safety limits. In short:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Limits can only be configured using the front panel (LCD screen and rotary button).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thresholds can either both be enabled or disabled. An ON\/OFF setting is available for that.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On B-Box 3, all safety limits must be configured as a voltage on the ADC, taking into account the programmable gain (G=1, 2, 4, or 8) if different than unity :<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>$$ \\text{threshold} = \\text{true limit}*\\text{sensitivity}*\\text{programmable gain}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">Setting a low-pass filter on the B-Box RCP 3.0 (or the B-Box 4)  will not impact the protection speed because the over-value detection mechanism is implemented before the filter. However, the sensor bandwidth may pose a limitation to that reaction speed. <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"BBOXMICRO\">B-Box micro<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Configuration of the safety limits on B-Box micro must be done using Cockpit in the dedicated &#8220;Analog inputs&#8221; tab of the target information (&#8220;Targets&#8221; pane). More information is given in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-inputs-configuration-on-b-box-micro\">PN107<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With B-Box micro, safety limits must be configured as a voltage on the ADC, within -5V and +5V. Both thresholds can be either enabled or disabled simultaneously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"TPI8032\">TPI 8032<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The TPI 8032 has a built-in protection circuit against over-current, over-voltage, and over-temperature. The protection thresholds are dynamically configured based on the switching frequency and DC bus voltage, accounting for converter and EMC filter derating. The corresponding protection thresholds are therefore not user-configurable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>External analog inputs cannot implement protections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Custom over-current or over-voltage detection mechanisms with more complex logic can nonetheless be implemented in the application-level software (e.g., Simulink\/PLECS model).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additional details can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/TPI8032_Datasheet.pdf\">the TPI8032 datasheet<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"BBOARDPRO\">B-Board PRO<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The B-Board PRO does not possess pre-implemented safety limits on analog inputs. However, fault line inputs allow integration of external fault flags\/triggers into the fault manager, blocking PWM outputs accordingly. Such a fault automatically clears once the corresponding line is reset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additional details can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/B-Board_Datasheet.pdf\">the B-Board PRO datasheet<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"protectionsinpractice\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example-protections-in-practice\"><\/span>Example: protections in practice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The application note: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/single-phase-pv-inverter-with-fictive-axis-emulation\">Single-phase PV inverter with Fictive-Axis Emulation (AN003)<\/a><\/strong> provides an example of how the various protection mechanisms come together to provide comprehensive protection.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/protection-in-practice.png\" alt=\"Principles of over-current and over-voltage protection with imperix controllers.\" class=\"wp-image-36650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/protection-in-practice.png 800w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/protection-in-practice-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/protection-in-practice-768x371.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id36077_090d7d-30 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_af6c96-a1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Simulink-based FSM<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A finite-state machine ensures the precharge relays are in the correct position. Log messages detail why a fault may have occurred. Ultra-fast response times are not required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Safety limits on B-Box 4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>For highly time-sensitive safety mechanisms, such as over-current and over-voltage protection, the configurable thresholds on the B-Box 4 are ideal, reacting within 1.6us.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_8545bc-e7\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Module-based protections<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In case of threshold misconfiguration, the module-based protections (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/peb-800-40\">PEB-800-40<\/a>) act as a last resort, protecting the modules from being damaged due to inappropriate operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Additional protections: Breakers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A circuit breaker ensures that the system is de-energized from the grid in case of a critical malfunction. The 16A device triggers somewhere between 80A and 160A, breaking up to 10kA.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In this example, several measurements are key to the system protection:<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id36077_8cd65d-02 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-4-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_642b51-29{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_642b51-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_642b51-29\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">PV-side current<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This protection benefits the PV panel, the inductor, and the boost power module. The corresponding threshold is set to the lowest of all three constraints.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_949a54-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_949a54-d9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">PV-side voltage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This protection prevents applying a potentially damaging voltage to the PV panel.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_d1d571-a9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">DC bus voltage<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This protection benefits the power modules and the DC power supply during intermediary tests. It is set to the lowest of both constraints.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_19c186-c0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_19c186-c0\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Grid currents<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>These protections benefit mostly to the power modules. They are sufficient for their protection provided that the DC bus presents sufficient voltage.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(40% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(60% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id36077_ef834b-81 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_387261-79{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_387261-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_387261-79\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"681\" height=\"749\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/setup.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-36507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/setup.png 681w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/setup-273x300.png 273w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 681px) 100vw, 681px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column36077_a2acef-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column36077_a2acef-db\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"229\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/trip-protection-1024x229.jpg\" alt=\"Over-current fault on the B-Box 4\" class=\"wp-image-36652\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/trip-protection-1024x229.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/trip-protection-300x67.jpg 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/trip-protection-768x171.jpg 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/trip-protection.jpg 1505w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>With the B-Box 4, fault source identification is displayed on the screen, the RJ45 LEDs, and Cockpit. If the RJ45 cables are labelled with the signal they carry, this is a quick way to trace the fault back to its original cause. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this picture, some over-current faults have been triggered, instantly placing the controller in FAULT state.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Imperix products are designed to prioritize safety, giving users the confidence needed to move straight to laboratory testing as soon as possible. This article aims&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":38924,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"software-environments":[105,103,104],"provided-results":[],"related-products":[50,31,32,92,166,110],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[144],"coauthors":[83],"class_list":["post-36077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-help","software-environments-c-plus-plus","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-board-pro","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-micro","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-tpi","user-manuals-power-modules"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Over-current and over-voltage protection - imperix<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Over-current and over-voltage protection can be easily implemented on imperix controllers. 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