{"id":37540,"date":"2026-01-08T14:36:42","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T14:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=37540"},"modified":"2026-03-03T14:01:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T14:01:38","slug":"sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics","title":{"rendered":"Sampling techniques for power electronics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#Background-and-motivation\" >Background and motivation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#Conventional-sampling-techniques\" >Conventional sampling techniques<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#1-Anti-aliasing-low-pass-filtering\" >1. Anti-aliasing low-pass filtering<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#2-Synchronous-sampling\" >2. Synchronous sampling<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#Synchronous-averaging\" >Synchronous averaging<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#Sampling-recommendation-using-imperix-controllers\" >Sampling recommendation using imperix controllers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Power electronic converters pose a specific sampling challenge: the signals of interest (currents and voltages) are low-frequency components, but they are combined with a high-frequency PWM ripple. This page explains the particularities of sampling in power electronics. It reviews conventional sampling methods such as <a href=\"#lpf\">anti-aliasing filters<\/a> and <a href=\"#synchronous-sampling\">synchronous sampling<\/a>, and highlights their limitations. Finally, it introduces an advanced technique recommended for <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power-electronic-controllers\/\">imperix controllers,<\/a> <a href=\"#synchronous-averaging\">the synchronous averaging.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background-and-motivation\"><\/span>Background and motivation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In any PWM-based power converter, the main electrical quantities such as currents and voltages are never perfectly smooth. Instead, they can be viewed as a low-frequency average value, on top of which a high-frequency component appears due to the switching action of the power devices. This high-frequency component is commonly called ripple.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"953\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Capture-decran-2025-11-26-153129-2.png\" alt=\"ripple and PWM of a buck converter\" class=\"wp-image-37701\" style=\"width:756px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Capture-decran-2025-11-26-153129-2.png 953w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Capture-decran-2025-11-26-153129-2-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Capture-decran-2025-11-26-153129-2-768x330.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 953px) 100vw, 953px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1 : Current waveform &amp; PWM shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/cockpit\/\">Cockpit<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Removing this ripple would require large or expensive passive components, so in practice a non-negligible ripple is often accepted. In many applications, what really matters for control and monitoring is the average value of the signal, (for example a 50\/60 Hz current in an AC grid), while the ripple is mostly an unwanted side effect. The challenge is therefore to measure and control the average value even when a ripple is present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conventional-techniques\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conventional-sampling-techniques\"><\/span>Conventional sampling techniques<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To tackle the above-mentioned challenge, two distinct techniques are commonly used: anti-aliasing low-pass filtering and synchronous sampling. Each provides an alternative way to reduce the influence of high-frequency ripple on the average measurement. The next sections present them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">All sampling techniques described in this article are available on <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power-electronic-controllers\/\">imperix controllers<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lpf\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-Anti-aliasing-low-pass-filtering\"><\/span>1. Anti-aliasing low-pass filtering<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A straightforward way to extract a low-frequency component (i.e. the average value) from a disturbed signal is to apply a low-pass filter. Choosing a sufficiently low cutoff frequency attenuates the ripple introduced by the PWMs. The controller can then sample the filtered signal and use it without strict synchronization with the PWM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anti-aliasing principle<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aliasing\">Aliasing<\/a> occurs when the signal fed to the sampler (ADC) still contains frequency components above \\(f_s\/2\\). In that case, the Shannon\u2013Nyquist requirement is violated and the out-of-band content is folded back into the baseband as false low-frequency components <a href=\"#references\">[1]<\/a>, which distorts the measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fig. 2 illustrates aliasing for a signal containing a component above \\(f_s\/2\\). As the Shannon\u2013Nyquist condition is not satisfied, that high-frequency component folds back into the low-frequency band and appears as a spurious lower-frequency term in the sampled signal.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"663\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Aliasing-3-1024x663.png\" alt=\"aliasing and folding process\" class=\"wp-image-39102\" style=\"width:780px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Aliasing-3-1024x663.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Aliasing-3-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Aliasing-3-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Aliasing-3-1536x994.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Aliasing-3-2048x1325.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2 : Principle of aliasing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The following Fig. 3 illustrates this effect on a simple example: a current ripple at 5 kHz is sampled at 6 kHz. In the reconstructed signal, this leads to an apparent frequency \\(f_{alias\u200b}= |f_{sampling\u200b}\u2212f_{signal\u200b}| = 1 kHz\\), even though the switching-averaged value remains constant (DC). This 1 kHz component is therefore not a physical low-frequency behaviour of the system, but a pure aliasing artefact introduced by the sampling process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ALIASING-CROP-1024x455.png\" alt=\"Power-electronics oscilloscope of a real converter current demonstrating aliasing: non-synchronous sampling of the PWM ripple produces a misleading low-frequency\" class=\"wp-image-38554\" style=\"width:780px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ALIASING-CROP-1024x455.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ALIASING-CROP-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ALIASING-CROP-768x342.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ALIASING-CROP.png 1194w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3 : Aliasing effect on a real current measurement<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The role of an anti-aliasing low-pass filter is therefore to strongly attenuate all components with frequencies higher than \\(f_s\/2\\) before sampling, so that their folded copies do not corrupt the useful low-frequency content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Filter design trade-offs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The theoretical ideal low-pass filter is the \u201cbrick-wall\u201d filter (Eq. 1). It perfectly passes the band of interest with zero phase shift and completely rejects higher-frequency components, thereby preventing aliasing without adding delay to the signal of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$ (1) \\quad \\quad<br>\\frac{I_{\\text{LPF ideal}}(j\\omega)}{I(j\\omega)} =<br>\\begin{cases}<br>1 \\angle 0 &amp; \\text{for } \\omega &lt; \\omega_s\/2 \\\\[4pt]<br>0 &amp; \\text{for } \\omega \\ge \\omega_s\/2<br>\\end{cases} <br>$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, such an ideal, brick-wall filter cannot be implemented in practice, since it would be non-causal. In reality, a compromise must be found between bandwidth, group delay and attenuation. This compromise is entirely application-dependent and is determined by the amount of residual ripple that can be tolerated by the control system. To illustrate this trade-off, Fig. 4 shows the frequency response of a fifth-order Bessel low-pass filter for different bandwidths.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Capture-decran-2025-12-01-135524-crop-1024x518.png\" alt=\"Power electronics current step with PWM ripple filtered by anti-aliasing low-pass filters at different bandwidths; comparison of ripple attenuation and increased delay\" class=\"wp-image-38029\" style=\"width:780px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Capture-decran-2025-12-01-135524-crop-1024x518.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Capture-decran-2025-12-01-135524-crop-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Capture-decran-2025-12-01-135524-crop-768x389.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Capture-decran-2025-12-01-135524-crop.png 1187w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4 : Low-pass filter with \\(f_{Bandwidth} = [0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6]*f_{PWM}\\)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Reducing the cut-off frequency improves attenuation of the switching ripple, but it also increases the group delay. Using higher-order filters further sharpens the transition between passband and stopband and thus enhances ripple rejection for a given cut-off frequency, at the price of additional phase shift. In Fig. 4, a reasonable trade-off would be to set \\(f_{Bandwidth} \\simeq 0.2 f_{\\mathrm{PWM}}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">The programmable filters in imperix controllers use a 5th-order Bessel filter. They can be enabled in the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/analog-data-acquisition\">ADC block<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the filter parameters are chosen appropriately, the output waveform becomes essentially smooth. Therefore, the sampling instant doesn&#8217;t need to be controlled precisely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To conclude, purely analog anti-aliasing filters remain attractive in situations where ADC sampling cannot be synchronized with the PWM. However, from a control perspective, the extra delay introduced by the low-pass filter directly degrades the achievable dynamic performance. Finally, when sampling can instead be time-aligned with the modulation, the anti-aliasing filter is generally sub-optimal compared with the techniques presented in the following sections, which explicitly exploit the deterministic and periodic nature of the ripple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"synchronous-sampling\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-Synchronous-sampling\"><\/span>2. Synchronous sampling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In PWM converters, synchronous sampling is the most commonly used method to capture a value representative of the average current\/voltage over a switching period <a href=\"#references\">[2]<\/a>. The basic idea is to sample the waveforms at exactly the same frequency as the modulation, with a well-defined phase relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"13887\" height=\"8835\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Single_rate.png\" alt=\"Synchronous sampling principle in power electronics\" class=\"wp-image-39709\" style=\"width:390px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><br>Figure 5 : Synchronous sampling working principle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"521\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SingleRate-crop.png\" alt=\"Experimental synchronous sampling of PWM current: staircase average vs switching waveform.\" class=\"wp-image-38340\" style=\"width:370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SingleRate-crop.png 676w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SingleRate-crop-300x231.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 6 : Experimental results of synchronous sampling<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>At first glance, sampling at the switching frequency contradicts Shannon\u2019s sampling theorem. However, when the sampling frequency is exactly equal to the ripple frequency, the corresponding alias appears at \\(|f_\\text{sample} &#8211; f_\\text{ripple}| = 0 \\text{Hz}\\), then the folded component becomes a constant term due to aliasing.<br><br>With an appropriate sampling phase exactly at the middle of the PWM period (assuming a perfectly triangular ripple), the measured value normally coincides with the average value over one switching period and the folded component cancels out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This approach is particularly attractive because it introduces essentially no additional sampling delay, unlike analog anti-aliasing filters whose attenuation is intrinsically linked to phase lag. As a result, synchronous sampling allows a higher control bandwidth <a href=\"#references\">[3]<\/a>. On the other hand, this sampling method is also more sensitive to waveform distortions and non-idealities, as discussed in the following sections.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid 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body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid 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#878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id37540_856fee-3d kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane37540_2b4124-b8\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>Double-rate operation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_4d9d3f-d5\">One additional advantage of synchronous sampling is that the current can also be sampled twice within each switching period, once on the rising edge of the ripple and once on the falling edge of the ripple, as illustrated in Fig. 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"13414\" height=\"8836\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Double_rate.png\" alt=\"Synchronous sampling principle with double rate update in power electronics\" class=\"wp-image-39708\" style=\"width:370px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><br>Figure 7 : Synchronous sampling with double rate update<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"679\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DoubleRate-crop.png\" alt=\"Power-electronics experiment: PWM waveform (bottom) and measured current (top) demonstrating synchronous sampling with double-rate control update, showing two samples per switching cycle and staircase averaging.\" class=\"wp-image-38342\" style=\"width:350px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DoubleRate-crop.png 679w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DoubleRate-crop-300x230.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 8 : Experimental results of synchronous sampling with double rate update<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, synchronous sampling enables double-rate control schemes, in which the controller is updated twice per switching period. This effectively reduces the apparent delay introduced by the modulator (see <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/discrete-control-delay?currentThread=b-board-pro\">Discrete control delay identification<\/a>) and ultimately increases the achievable closed-loop control bandwidth.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limitations of synchronous sampling<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Synchronous sampling is only valid as long as the captured waveform crosses its average value exactly at the chosen sampling instant. In practice, this condition is not always fulfilled, and significant deviations may occur. Three typical phenomena can induce such deviations and are discussed in the following sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sensor-bandwidth\">Sensor bandwidth<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most common issues with synchronous sampling is the finite bandwidth of the sensors and the associated delay. In a triangular carrier, the current ripple equals its average value when the carrier reaches its peak or its valley. However, when the measurement chain introduces a non-negligible delay, the sampling phase must be shifted accordingly. If it is not, the controller samples the signal too early relative to the actual measured waveform.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"977\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/BW-crop.png\" alt=\"PWM current: synchronous sampling with low-bandwidth sensor causing phase delay and average offset.\" class=\"wp-image-38302\" style=\"width:756px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/BW-crop.png 977w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/BW-crop-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/BW-crop-768x410.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 9 : Experimental results of synchronous sampling with low bandwidth sensor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Fig. 9 illustrates this effect for two current sensors with different bandwidths measuring the same signal. The cyan trace corresponds to a high-bandwidth sensor (\\(f_B = 200f_{PWM}\\)), while the green trace shows a low-bandwidth sensor (\\(f_B = 7.5f_{PWM}\\)). Without adjustment of the sampling instant, the low-bandwidth sensor may be sampled at a ripple phase that is not representative of the average value, resulting in a biased current measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A practical example to compensate for this offset is given next, based on the current measurement bandwidth of a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-mosfet-module\/\">PEB-800-40<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > 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transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id37540_f9edc3-67 kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane37540_51841c-e4\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>Example of sampling phase offset calculation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading37540_71a514-2a\">The following data can be found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/datasheets\/PEB-800-40.pdf\">PEB-800-40 datasheet<\/a> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Frequency [kHz]<\/td><td>Phase [\u00b0]<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td>-11.37<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20<\/td><td>-22.18<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>50<\/td><td>-77.62<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>80<\/td><td>-138.38<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>100<\/td><td>-178.74<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>150<\/td><td>-260.06<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>200<\/td><td>-327.24<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Table 1 : PEB-800-40 current sensors phase<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2020\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42648\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.227571450405013;object-fit:contain;width:388px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-300x237.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-1024x808.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-768x606.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-1536x1212.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PEB80040_current_sensor_phase-2048x1616.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">PEB-800-40 current sensors phase<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Assuming a switching frequency of 50kHz. At this frequency, the sensor introduces a phase lag of -77.6\u00b0 as shown in Table 1 and Fig.7. To compensate for this delay in the sampling alignment, the corresponding phase offset to apply is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$\\Delta \\phi_s = \\frac{77.6}{360} = 0.216 $$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This means the sampling phase should be shifted by approximately +0.216 of a period. Thus, the sampling phase has to be set to 0.216 or 0.716, depending on the CPU load.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Non-linear ripple segment<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the key assumptions behind synchronous sampling is that the ripple has a triangular shape. This requires the relevant transient time constant of the system, \\(\\tau\\), to be much larger than the switching period, \\(T_{sw}.\\) $$(3) \\quad \\quad T_{sw} &lt;&lt; \\tau \\quad with \\quad \\tau = \\frac{L}{R}$$ <br>Where \\(L\\) and \\(R\\) denote the equivalent inductance and resistance seen by the converter, typically comprising the output filter and the load. When Eq. 3 is not satisfied, the waveform can deviate significantly from a triangular shape, so that the chosen sampling instant no longer corresponds to the true average value as illustrated in Fig. 10 and 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16626\" height=\"12076\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Asset-2.png\" alt=\"Non-linear ripple sampling\" class=\"wp-image-39784\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 10 : Non-linear ripple with single rate update<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16676\" height=\"12951\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Ripple_dashed.png\" alt=\"Non-linear ripple sampling with double rate update\" class=\"wp-image-39755\" style=\"width:353px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 11 : Non-linear ripple with double rate update<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Thanks to the oversampling capability and waveform visualization available in Cockpit, this effect can be directly observed. In that case\u200b, where the ripple departs significantly from a linear shape (where&nbsp;\\(\\tau\\)&nbsp;is not much larger than&nbsp;\\(T_{sw}\\)), it is generally advisable to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">avoid<\/span> synchronous sampling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Switching-induced waveform distortion<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>With synchronous sampling, the current is measured at a single instant within each switching period. If noise or distortion (e.g.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/toshiba.semicon-storage.com\/info\/application_note_en_20180726_AKX00066.pdf?did=59456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ringing effect<\/a>) is present at that instant, the corresponding sample, and thus the inferred average waveform, is directly affected. This situation is particularly critical when sampling close to a switching transition, since the ripple is often strongly disturbed at that moment. As a result, synchronous sampling tends to be more sensitive to measurement errors at high switching frequencies or with high-to-extreme modulation depths, as shown in Fig. 12 and 13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"923\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/HornWithSynSampl-1.png\" alt=\"synchronous sampling on switching instant - reconstructed waveform\" class=\"wp-image-39747\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3387410411689538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/HornWithSynSampl-1.png 923w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/HornWithSynSampl-1-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/HornWithSynSampl-1-768x562.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 923px) 100vw, 923px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 12 : Switching-induced waveform distortion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"913\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SwitchingRipple-1.png\" alt=\"synchronous sampling on switching instant\" class=\"wp-image-39748\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SwitchingRipple-1.png 913w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SwitchingRipple-1-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/SwitchingRipple-1-768x574.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 913px) 100vw, 913px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 13 : Synchronous sampling on ringing (Zoom on ripple)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As can be observed in Fig. 13, at large modulation depths the ADC sampling instant can occasionally fall on (or very close to) a switching transition. In that case, the measured sample is contaminated by the switching-related disturbance (e.g., ringing), and this error is then propagated to the reconstructed waveform, recreating artificial spikes (Fig. 12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> It should also be noted that, in Fig. 12, the slight deviation of the cyan waveform (synchronous sampling) with respect to the yellow waveform (synchronous averaging) is mainly caused by a non-linear ripple and therefore cannot be directly attributed to sampling on a switching event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"synchronous-averaging\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synchronous-averaging\"><\/span>Synchronous averaging<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thanks to oversampling, i.e. sampling the current faster than the control update rate, it is possible to estimate the average ripple value without relying on a single sampling instant. The average is computed over a time window chosen to span one switching period. The result is an approximation of the true period-average, and its accuracy improves as the oversampling ratio increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">On imperix controller, synchronous averaging can be enabled directly in the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/analog-data-acquisition\">ADC block<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Fig. 14 illustrates the difference with synchronous sampling: both methods provide the average over one period of <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/clock-generators\">CLK0<\/a>. From a control perspective, the synchronous averaging results in an additional group delay of half a switching period in the measurements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"13755\" height=\"12226\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Sync_avg.jpg\" alt=\"Timing diagram of PWM carrier and duty-cycle update showing synchronous sampling versus synchronous averaging with CPU execution windows.\" class=\"wp-image-38432\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 14 : Difference between synchronous sampling and synchronous averaging<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"514\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-134132.png\" alt=\"Frequency response of synchronous averaging for two control frequencies.\" class=\"wp-image-38423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-134132.png 514w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-134132-300x197.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 15 : Frequency response of synchronous averaging<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Fig. 15 shows the frequency response of synchronous averaging on a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\">B-Box 4<\/a> (20 MHz sampling) for two different control frequencies. The notches appear exactly at \\(f_{\\text{clk0}}\\)\u200b and at its harmonics, which means that the switching ripple is strongly rejected while the average value is preserved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An important consequence of this approach is that the resulting average value is independent of the sampling phase (i.e. all samples are equally weighted). The averaging window can therefore be placed anywhere within the PWM period, in particular, as late as possible before the duty-cycle update instant. This often compensates for part of the additional delay introduced by synchronous averaging, depending on the computation time.<br><br>This point is illustrated in Fig. 16, where the synchronous averaging window is positioned with respect to the CPU load. Using a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter?currentThread=current-controlled-buck-converter\">buck converter example<\/a> and a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\">B-Box 4<\/a>, the extra delay attributable to synchronous averaging is approximately 3 \u00b5s over a 50 \u00b5s period, which is roughly 6% more than the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/discrete-control-delay?currentThread=b-board-pro\">minimum total loop delay<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\" id=\"SyncAvg-optimal\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-10-094023-1024x473.png\" alt=\"maximize control bandwidth and minimize delay using synchronous averaging and imperix controllers\" class=\"wp-image-38603\" style=\"width:790px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-10-094023-1024x473.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-10-094023-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-10-094023-768x354.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-10-094023.png 1196w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 16 : <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/cockpit-user-guide?currentThread=imperix-cockpit#target-timings\">Timings tab<\/a> in Cockpit showing the minimization of the control delay using synchronous averaging<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>A final benefit of synchronous averaging over synchronous sampling is the gain in effective resolution as the oversampling ratio increases (number of samples per CLK0 period). As with any digital low-pass filtering, averaging M uncorrelated samples increases the effective resolution by \\(log_{2}(M)\\) extra bits. Table 1 reports the effective resolutions obtained with synchronous averaging on imperix controllers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Device<br>CLOCK_0<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box 4<br>20 kHz<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box 4<br>100 kHz<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box RCP<sup>3.0<\/sup><br>20 kHz<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">B-Box RCP<sup>3.0<\/sup><br>100 kHz<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td># of averaged samples<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1000<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">200<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">25<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Effective resolution [bits]<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">26<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">23.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20.6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">18.3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Table 1 : Measurement performance with synchronous averaging on imperix controllers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sampling-recommendation-using-imperix-controllers\"><\/span>Sampling recommendation using imperix controllers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, Table 2 summarizes the recommended sampling techniques derived from experiments on imperix controllers, but not tied to any controller-specific feature. As the table indicates, synchronous averaging is generally the preferred choice for most applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table><thead><tr><th><\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Anti-aliasing LPF<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Synchronous sampling<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Synchronous averaging<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Non-triangular carrier<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38382\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png 173w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non linear ripple<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38385\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708.png 156w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38382\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png 173w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maximize control bandwidth<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38385\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708.png 156w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38382\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png 173w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Noisy measurement<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38382\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png 173w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PWM and sampling cannot be synchronized<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"21\" class=\"wp-image-38384\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545.png 154w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104545-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38385\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708.png 156w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-104708-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-38382\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123.png 173w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-05-094123-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Table 2 : Sampling techniques suitability matrix<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/294797\">[1]<\/a> A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer and J. R. Buck, Discrete Time Signal Processing, 2nd edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPEC.2010.5543175\">[2]<\/a> F. Briz, D. D\u00edaz-Reigosa, M. W. Degner, P. Garc\u00eda and J. M. Guerrero, &#8220;Current sampling and measurement in PWM operated AC drives and power converters,&#8221;&nbsp;<em>The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference &#8211; ECCE ASIA<\/em>, Sapporo, Japan, 2010, pp. 2753-2760.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2200\/S00047ED1V01Y200609PEL002\">[3]<\/a> S. Buso and P. Mattavelli, &#8220;Digital control in power electronics,&#8221; <em>Synthesis Lectures on Power Electronics<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1\u2013158, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Power electronic converters pose a specific sampling challenge: the signals of interest (currents and voltages) are low-frequency components, but they are combined with a&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":38341,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[53,21,52,20,19],"software-environments":[105,103,104],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,166],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[139,138,137,143],"coauthors":[98],"class_list":["post-37540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-help","tag-current-control","tag-dc-dc-converters","tag-mmc","tag-multilevel-converters","tag-three-level-converters","software-environments-c-plus-plus","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","user-manuals-b-board-pro","user-manuals-b-box-micro","user-manuals-b-box-rcp-3-0","user-manuals-tpi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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