{"id":5580,"date":"2021-08-18T14:28:22","date_gmt":"2021-08-18T14:28:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=5580"},"modified":"2026-02-18T15:44:47","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T15:44:47","slug":"how-to-build-a-buck-converter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter","title":{"rendered":"How to build a buck converter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Hardware-requirements\" >Hardware requirements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Description-of-the-implemented-system\" >Description of the implemented system<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Mechanical-assembly-of-the-power-equipment\" >Mechanical assembly of the power equipment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Connection-to-the-controller\" >Connection to the controller<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Configuration-of-the-analog-inputs\" >Configuration of the analog inputs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Development-of-the-control-software\" >Development of the control software<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Installation-and-setup-of-the-computer-software\" >Installation and setup of the computer software<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Simulink-model-configuration\" >Simulink model configuration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Generation-and-real-time-execution-of-the-controller-code\" >Generation and real-time execution of the controller code<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#Experimental-results\" >Experimental results<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-buck-converter\/#To-go-further%E2%80%A6\" >To go further&#8230;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>This quick-start guide describes how to build a buck converter controlled in open-loop using <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power-inverter-modules\/\">power modules<\/a> and the B-Box RCP 3.0 <a href=\"\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">programmable controller<\/a> using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/simulink\/\">Simulink blockset<\/a>. Specifically made for users who would want to get familiar with imperix&#8217;s solutions, this guide details step-by-step instructions on how to assemble and program a simple power converter. Further details on the theoretical aspects of buck converters can be found on the page: <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\">Step-down buck converter<\/a>. An HIL implementation of a buck converter is provided in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/hil-simulation-using-a-b-board-pro\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/hil-simulation-using-a-b-board-pro\">TN178<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hardware-requirements\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hardware-requirements\"><\/span>Hardware requirements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following list describes the required hardware to build a buck converter. It comprises imperix products as well as additional components commonly available in power electronic research laboratories :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-86a90cc8-f1d4-40ae-9c4f-906a2df1c0fd\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Imperix products\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\/\">programmable controller<\/a> (B-Box 4 or B-Box RCP 3.0 or B-Box Micro)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-mosfet-module\/\">phase-leg module<\/a> (PEB-800-40 or PEB8038 or PEB8024 or PEB4050)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/voltage-sensors\/#voltage\">voltage sensor<\/a> (DIN-800V or VSR-1000)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">Control development tools for Simulink and PLECS<\/a> (ACG SDK), with a valid license<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additional hardware<ul><li>1x Inductor<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1x Capacitor <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1x Resistor <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A power supply<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safety laboratory cables (banana)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"419\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Complete-testbench-2025-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Complete-testbench-2025-1.png 800w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Complete-testbench-2025-1-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Complete-testbench-2025-1-768x402.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Complete testbench <br>(Power supply and passive components not sold by imperix)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-description-of-the-implemented-system\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Description-of-the-implemented-system\"><\/span>Description of the implemented system<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The schematic below serves as a reference for the required electrical connections. It is a buck converter made from a semiconductor switching cell, an inductor, a capacitor, and a load resistor. The converter is operated in open-loop by a programmable controller, a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\/\">B-Box RCP 3.0<\/a> in this specific case.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/QS_Buck_schem-4.png\" alt=\"Schematic on how to build a buck converter\" class=\"wp-image-6777\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/QS_Buck_schem-4.png 743w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/QS_Buck_schem-4-300x122.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck converter schematic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>As opposed to a buck made with a diode and a transistor, this one is made with a commutation cell (two transistors). In other words, the bottom transistor&#8217;s body diode acts as a freewheeling diode, to reduce the voltage spike across the inductor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that, in the case of MOSFETs, their body diodes are known to perform poorly and will generate significant losses when the upper switch is open. To avoid this issue, a PWM signal also drives the low-side transistor so that the current goes through the channel and not the body diode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, the operating conditions for the converter were defined by the load resistor current rating of 13.5 [A]. Having a resistance of 8.5 [\u03a9] and a low-voltage (\\(V_{out}\\)) of 100 [V], a maximum load current of 11.75 [A] is achieved. An off-the-shelf inductor and capacitor of 2.36 [mH] and 2 [mF] respectively, guaranteed Continuous Conduction Mode (CMM) operation and acceptable output voltage ripples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mechanical-assembly-of-the-power-equipment\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mechanical-assembly-of-the-power-equipment\"><\/span>Mechanical assembly of the power equipment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">A detailed quick start guides for the PEB-800-40 is available and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/peb-800-40\">here<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The first step to build the converter is to connect a cable to the <strong>VAC <\/strong>terminal (switching midpoint) of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-mosfet-module\/\">PEB <\/a>module. It is best to do it before inserting the module into the mounting rack, as the switching midpoint will be hard to reach then. A safety banana cable terminated by a ring terminal could be used as cable, which will be screwed with a small M4 screw to secure the wire. This allows an easier connection with other equipment. Two similar cables can be connected in the same way to the <strong>VDC+<\/strong> and <strong>VDC-<\/strong> power terminals and the power supply.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/power_module_connection-2025-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38475\" style=\"width:559px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/power_module_connection-2025-1.png 800w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/power_module_connection-2025-1-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/power_module_connection-2025-1-768x415.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Suggested power module connection of the PEB-800-40<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Next, the user can insert the power module into the mounting rack as shown below. The auxiliary power supply cable from the rack also has to be connected to the module.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"637\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/montage.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38472\" style=\"width:561px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/montage.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/montage-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/montage-768x478.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mounting rack and power module<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Note that, in this specific case, only one module is required. But for applications with several modules, a grey flat wire connects the modules for fault propagation, as shown in the picture below. More information about how to expand an open rack can be found <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/expanding-an-open-frame-rack-with-peb-modules\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Flat_cable_2025-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38473\" style=\"width:590px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Flat_cable_2025-1.png 860w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Flat_cable_2025-1-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Flat_cable_2025-1-768x540.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><br>Flat cable connection for fault propagation between modules<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The next step is to wire the components according to the converter&#8217;s schematic. The following picture shows a connection example.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Passive_component_connection.png\" alt=\"Build of the buck converter\" class=\"wp-image-6225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Passive_component_connection.png 800w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Passive_component_connection-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Passive_component_connection-768x376.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Passive components connection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-connection-to-the-controller\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Connection-to-the-controller\"><\/span>Connection to the controller<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\/\">rapid prototyping controller<\/a>&nbsp;(B-Box RCP) connects to the power module as described in the table below. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f3f4f5\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Signal<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Type<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Controller side<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Converter side<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\\(PWMH\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">PWM<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Optical output D0H<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Gate H optical receiver<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\\(PWML\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">PWM<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Optical output D0L<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Gate L optical receiver<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\\(I_{out}\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Measurement<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Analog input 0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">PEB RJ45 port (top)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\\(V_{in}\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Measurement<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Analog input 1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">PEB RJ45 port (bottom)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\\(V_{out}\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Measurement<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Analog input 2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">DIN-800V RJ45 port<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Connection table<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following picture shows the connections once completed.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"395\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DSC9754.png\" alt=\"Buck converter connections\" class=\"wp-image-5899\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DSC9754.png 860w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DSC9754-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DSC9754-768x353.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Controller connections<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Finally, the control algorithm is uploaded to the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP 3.0<\/a> via its Ethernet port, connected to the computer either directly or through a local network. Further details regarding the connection of imperix controllers to the host computer can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers#host-pc-connection\">PN138<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-configuration-of-the-controller-s-analog-input\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Configuration-of-the-analog-inputs\"><\/span>Configuration of the analog inputs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">This section focuses on the analog I\/O configuration of the B-Box RCP 3.0. More information about the analog I\/O configuration for other imperix controllers can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-i-o-configuration-for-imperix-controllers\" type=\"link\" id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-i-o-configuration-for-imperix-controllers\">PN108<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Before doing any experiments, it is essential to properly configure the analog input channels of the B-Box RCP 3.0. These channels have both hardware and software settings. The hardware settings can be configured from the B-Box RCP 3.0 front panel, and the software settings are configured inside the Simulink or PLECS control model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Software settings<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Channel number<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensor type<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Programmable gain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensitivity and offset<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/sampling-techniques-for-power-electronics\">Sampling strategy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hardware settings<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Input impedance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low-pass filter activation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gain (must match the software setting)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safety limits (upper and lower thresholds)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>More information about the ADC block of Simulink and PLECS blocksets can be found <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/analog-data-acquisition\">here<\/a>. Additionally, related information on the analog I\/O configuration on B-Box 4 can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-front-end-configuration-on-b-box-rcp\">PN105<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The configuration of the three analog input channels for this application is summed up in the table below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Measured signal<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Input channel number<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Low impedance<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Gain<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Filter<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Limit high [V]<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Limit low [V]<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Disable safety<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Save<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\\(I_{out}\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">x4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0.2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\\(V_{in}\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">x4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\\(V_{out}\\)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">x4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1.2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">-0.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">no<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">yes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Analog inputs configuration for B-Box RCP 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-development-of-the-control-software\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Development-of-the-control-software\"><\/span>Development of the control software<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-installation-and-setup-of-the-computer-software\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Installation-and-setup-of-the-computer-software\"><\/span>Installation and setup of the computer software<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">The imperix software can be installed on an unlimited number of computers. <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Two pieces of software are required: the imperix <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">Automated Code Generation Software Development Kit<\/a> (ACG SDK), which can be downloaded <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/downloads\/\">here<\/a>, and a compatible version of <a href=\"https:\/\/mathworks.com\/downloads\/\">Matlab<\/a> (2016 and newer), including the following toolboxes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Matlab Simulink<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Embedded coder<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matlab coder<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simulink coder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">A compatible version of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plexim.com\/download\/standalone\">PLECS<\/a> (4.4.2 and newer) in 64 bits can also be used instead of Matlab. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A detailed guide on how to set up the software is provided in the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/installation-guide-acg-sdk\">Installation guide for imperix ACG SDK<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-creation-of-the-simulink-model\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Simulink-model-configuration\"><\/span>Simulink model configuration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The control model, shown below, implements a simple open-loop operation of the buck converter. Since the converter is designed in continuous conduction mode, the step-down ratio corresponds to the duty cycle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$d = \\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} $$ <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The duty cycle for the PWM can therefore be calculated by dividing the reference output voltage by the measured input voltage. This allows the user to set a desired output-voltage reference while the controller automatically computes the corresponding duty cycle. Details on closed-loop control are provided in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/basic-pi-control\">TN105<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/PN119_Openloop_Buck_Converter.slx\">PN119_Openloop_Buck_Converter<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/PN119_Openloop_Buck_Converter.slx\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Control-1024x661.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5718\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Control-1024x661.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Control-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Control-768x496.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Control.png 1284w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:1px;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:2px solid transparent;border-right:2px solid transparent;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;border-left:2px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:2px;border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:2px;border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px;background:#ffffff;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:0px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:none;color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);padding-top:12px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#ffffff;border-top:2px solid #eeeeee;border-right:2px solid #eeeeee;border-bottom:2px solid 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.kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);background:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);border-top:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-right:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-bottom:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-left:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:2px solid transparent;border-right:2px solid transparent;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;border-left:2px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:2px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:2px solid #eeeeee;border-right:2px solid #eeeeee;border-bottom:2px solid #eeeeee;border-left:2px solid #eeeeee;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-right:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-bottom:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-left:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:1px;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:2px solid transparent;border-right:2px solid transparent;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;border-left:2px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:2px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:2px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:2px solid #eeeeee;border-right:2px solid #eeeeee;border-bottom:2px solid #eeeeee;border-left:2px solid #eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-right:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-bottom:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);border-left:2px solid var(--global-palette6, #718096);}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id5580_e60c37-9f kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow kt-accodion-icon-side-left\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane5580_dc2a3d-0f\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>Imperix blockset explanation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>The following sections provide information on the necessary blocks needed to build such a control algorithm for a buck converter. The user can program the controllers using Simulink or PLECS, as aforementioned. This guide will focus on Simulink, but both programming options are introduced <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/getting-started-acg-sdk-simulink\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-298cbc1a-554f-4c9f-a2b3-31e24ef34e91\">User template<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-eebc1304-f1dd-45cd-8448-3746928b82ea\">To start working with Simulink, one can find a project template in: &#8220;C:\\imperix\\BB3_ACG_SDK\\simulink\\user_template\\imperix_template.slx&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-135ff748-0c2f-4652-ba7c-ab49cba879fe\">This template is preconfigured for code generation for imperix controllers. It should then be copied into the desired working directory and renamed. When opening this file, a controller and a plant block are displayed as shown below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"535\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/64AD1C31-9ED8-4226-BEE4-3B9DCD6373AD.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-38088\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/64AD1C31-9ED8-4226-BEE4-3B9DCD6373AD.png 535w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/64AD1C31-9ED8-4226-BEE4-3B9DCD6373AD-300x93.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p id=\"block-baf8155a-0169-462d-83c0-18c3f78b67c6\">The plant block contains the simulation model of the circuit and will not be detailed here. Further information can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/simulation-essentials-simulink\">Simulation essentials with Simulink (PN135)<\/a>. The controller block is the one of interest since it is the model of the actual real-time code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-8252eb95-ea8b-4616-8e79-772c48c1c257\">The CONFIG block<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/config-control-task-configuration\">CONFIG<\/a> block, already present inside the controller block, performs the basic configurations of the model. It is by default set to simulation. This parameter needs to be changed to code generation to program the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP 3.0<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"212\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ACG_config.png\" alt=\"Model execution purpose\" class=\"wp-image-112\" style=\"width:409px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ACG_config.png 621w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/ACG_config-300x102.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Model execution purpose<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-7edc4a01-1ec0-4199-810e-027d5ab1d047\">The ADC block<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-8ad47d5d-4adf-41b8-a33b-5398201e3392\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/analog-data-acquisition\">ADC block<\/a> is used to retrieve the measurements from the analog inputs of an imperix controller. In this case, three ADC blocks are used, one for each measurement, and have been configured as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>ADC 0<\/strong><\/th><th>\ufeff<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Device number<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Input channel<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor<\/td><td>Current PEB 8038<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gain<\/td><td>x4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>ADC 2<\/th><th>\ufeff<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Device number<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Input channel<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor<\/td><td>Voltage DIN-800V<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gain<\/td><td>x4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>ADC 1<\/th><th>\ufeff<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Device number<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Input channel<\/td><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sensor<\/td><td>Voltage PEB 8038<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gain<\/td><td>x4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"block-e2fec584-f468-4ffa-8b4c-0eec014b3c44\">The PWM block<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-ea01af31-76f2-42d7-a896-429a8e6bec87\">The PWM signals are generated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/carrier-based-pwm\">carrier-based PWM block<\/a> (CB PWM) and drive the power transistors. In this case, the PWM outputs are set to channel 0. Moreover, since both of the module&#8217;s transistors are switched, the <code>output mode<\/code> is set to Dual. The <code>carrier type<\/code> is set to triangle, and the <code>update rate<\/code> is set to single (one update instant happening at the zero of the carrier).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The tunable parameter and probe blocks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The last two blocks used are the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/tunable-parameter\">tunable parameter<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/software\/probe-variable\">probe<\/a> block. The tunable parameter is used to let the user set the voltage reference in real-time, while the code is running. The probe is used to monitor the desired signal, in real-time as well, in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/cockpit-user-guide#connecting-controller\">Cockpit<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-generation-and-real-time-execution-of-the-controller-code\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Generation-and-real-time-execution-of-the-controller-code\"><\/span>Generation and real-time execution of the controller code<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">Before performing any experiments, it is recommended to read the safety guidelines for working in the lab provided <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/safety-and-protection-in-the-lab\">here<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the simulation has been validated, the user can generate the code to be uploaded to the controller by pressing Ctrl + B on Simulink (Ctrl + Alt + B on PLECS). This will automatically generate the C code that is then compiled, loaded, and launched on the selected target. It also launches <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/cockpit\/\">Cockpit<\/a>, imperix&#8217;s monitoring software. More information on the latter can be found in the corresponding <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/cockpit-user-guide\">user guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The user will then need to link the new project to the controller (<em>target<\/em>). After this, the code will automatically start. At this point, users can drag variables from the sidebar list into visualization modules, such as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module\">Scope<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/rolling-plot-module\">Rolling Plot<\/a>, allowing them to monitor signals and operate the converter in real time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">Step-by-step instructions on how to program imperix controllers are given in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/programming-imperix-controllers\">PN138<\/a>.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A first test could be performed to check that the hardware protection limits are correctly configured on the analog frontend of the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP 3.0<\/a>. This test consists of lowering the protection limits on the analog front end to more conservative values and verifying that the PWM signals are indeed disabled when these limits are exceeded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Subsequently, one can turn on the power supply and slowly increase the voltage to 100 [V]. To make sure that the input voltage measurement is correct, the user could verify that \\(V_{in}\\) is indeed close to 100 [V] on Cockpit. The last step is then to set a value for the reference voltage, 25 [V] for instance, and press the enable PWM switch on the upper left corner of Cockpit. A measured output voltage of around 25 [V] should be visualised. Due to the diode voltage drop and other non-idealities, this value will not reach the theoretical value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-experimental-results\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-results\"><\/span>Experimental results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The plot below shows the leg voltage as well as the output current of the buck converter built above. With a duty cycle value of 0.25, it is clear on this graph that the input voltage of 100[V] is applied to the output only during a fourth of the control period. This results in an output voltage of 25[V].<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Current_ripple-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Current_ripple-1.png 800w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Current_ripple-1-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Current_ripple-1-768x288.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck converter leg voltage and output current measurements<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-to-go-further\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"To-go-further%E2%80%A6\"><\/span>To go further&#8230;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The next possible step could be to add two power modules to build a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) like the one in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-voltage-source-inverter\">TN152<\/a>. A guide, similar to this one, on the assembly of a three-phase inverter is available here: <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/how-to-build-a-3-phase-inverter\">How to build a 3 phase inverter.<\/a> One could then combine the VSI with a boost converter to create a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/three-phase-pv-inverter\">Three-phase PV inverter for grid-tied applications (AN006)<\/a>, which showcases the great potential of imperix&#8217;s solution for modular power converters. Finally, the interleaving of several buck converters and the implementation of proper current control techniques are discussed in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/interleaved-buck-converter\">Interleaved buck converter current control<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This quick-start guide describes how to build a buck converter controlled in open-loop using power modules and the B-Box RCP 3.0 programmable controller using the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":6973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"software-environments":[103],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,92,166,111],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[145,144],"coauthors":[64,101],"class_list":["post-5580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-help","software-environments-matlab","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-micro","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-pm","user-manuals-power-electronic-bundle","user-manuals-power-modules"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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