{"id":6286,"date":"2021-08-25T12:56:38","date_gmt":"2021-08-25T12:56:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=6286"},"modified":"2021-08-25T12:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-25T12:00:00","slug":"step-down-buck-converter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter","title":{"rendered":"Step-down buck converter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#What-is-a-step-down-buck-converter\" >What is a step-down buck converter?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#Continuous-and-discontinuous-conduction\" >Continuous and discontinuous conduction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#Buck-converter-implementation-with-imperix-power-modules\" >Buck converter implementation with imperix power modules<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#IGBT-switching-cell\" >IGBT switching cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#MOSFET-switching-cell\" >MOSFET switching cell<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#Sizing-the-passive-components\" >Sizing the passive components<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#B-Box-B-Board-implementation\" >B-Box \/ B-Board implementation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#Software-resources\" >Software resources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#Experimental-results\" >Experimental results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This technical note describes the operating principles of a step-down buck converter. A possible open-loop control implementation of this converter, targeting the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/bbox\">B-Box 4<\/a> with both&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/cpp-sdk\">C\/C++<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">automated code generation<\/a>&nbsp;approaches, as well as experimental results are presented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/buck_setup.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-48321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/buck_setup.jpg 850w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/buck_setup-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/buck_setup-768x423.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Complete testbench<br>(Power supply and passive components not sold by imperix)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-a-step-down-buck-converter\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What-is-a-step-down-buck-converter\"><\/span>What is a step-down buck converter?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A step-down buck converter is a type of DC to DC switched-mode power converter like the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-up-boost-converter\">Step-up boost converter<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\">Buck-boost converter<\/a>. Made from two semiconductors (a transistor and a diode), an inductor, and a load resistor, this DC\/DC converter steps down the input voltage \\(V_{in}\\) to a lower output voltage \\(V_{out}\\) according to [1]. The well-known relation between input and output voltage in a buck converter is: $$V_{out} = D * V_{in}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The circuit topology is shown in the figure below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Generic_buck_schem_2-1-1024x352.png\" alt=\"Generic step down buck\" class=\"wp-image-47685\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.9092011783053198;width:377px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Generic_buck_schem_2-1-1024x352.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Generic_buck_schem_2-1-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Generic_buck_schem_2-1-768x264.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Generic_buck_schem_2-1.png 1441w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Step down converter schematic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By switching on and off \\(S_1\\), the inductor current increases and decreases. The magnitude of these current ripples depends on the input voltage, the duty cycle \\(D\\), the inductor \\(L\\) and the switching frequency \\(f_{sw}\\) of the transistor. A filter capacitor is then placed in parallel to the load resistor to reduce the ripples on the output voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note that, for systems with higher power requirements, it is possible to parallel several switching cells to build an <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/interleaved-buck-converter\">interleaved buck converter<\/a>. Benefits, tradeoffs and controls strategies for interleaved converters are all addressed in the aforementioned page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-continuous-and-discontinuous-conduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continuous-and-discontinuous-conduction\"><\/span>Continuous and discontinuous conduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on the operating conditions the output current of the step-down buck converter can vary significantly. As shown in the graph below, when the average output current is close to zero, the diode D1 clips the negative parts of the ripples. This does not happen with higher output currents.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"502\" height=\"247\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Operating_mode.png\" alt=\"Step-down buck converter inductor current\" class=\"wp-image-7433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Operating_mode.png 502w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Operating_mode-300x148.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Inductor current for different modes of operation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two operating modes can then be distinguished depending on the inductor current. If it is always higher than zero, the converter is in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM). Conversely, if this current drops to zero the step-down converter is said to operate in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The buck converter&#8217;s operating condition can be visualized on the graph below when considering the normalized voltage (\\(V_{out}\/V_{in}\\)) and normalized current (\\(I_{out}Lf_{sw}\/(V_{in})\\)). In a more intuitive way, the step-down converter is in the discontinuous mode for low load currents and in continuous mode in the opposite case.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"649\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ConductionMode_graph-2.png\" alt=\"Step-down buck converter operating modes\" class=\"wp-image-6339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ConductionMode_graph-2.png 649w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ConductionMode_graph-2-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Operating mode boundaries adapted from [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As suggested by the previous plot, the relation between input and output voltage is linear in CCM (\\(V_{out} = D*V_{in}\\)). However, in DCM, the discontinuities in the current result in a much more complex, non-linear input to output voltage relation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-buck-converter-implementation-with-imperix-power-modules\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buck-converter-implementation-with-imperix-power-modules\"><\/span>Buck converter implementation with imperix power modules<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The implementation of the converter with imperix power modules is based on a bidirectional switching cell (two switches with anti-parallel diodes). Therefore, depending on the semiconductor technology, the operation of a step-down buck can slightly vary. For imperix&#8217;s power modules, two device technologies are available: IGBTs and MOSFETs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-igbt-switching-cell\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IGBT-switching-cell\"><\/span>IGBT switching cell<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using an IGBT power module, like the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/igbt-power-module\/\">PEB4050<\/a>, as a switching cell, the implemented circuit&#8217;s schematic is presented below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"619\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_IGBT_schematic_2-1-1024x619.png\" alt=\"IGBT step-down buck converter\" class=\"wp-image-47686\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.6543059843657624;width:415px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_IGBT_schematic_2-1-1024x619.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_IGBT_schematic_2-1-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_IGBT_schematic_2-1-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_IGBT_schematic_2-1-1536x929.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_IGBT_schematic_2-1.png 1583w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck converter built with an IGBT based imperix module<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bottom IGBT is not switched and is only used for its antiparallel diode. This circuit can very well be used in both CCM and DCM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-mosfet-switching-cell\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MOSFET-switching-cell\"><\/span>MOSFET switching cell<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using a MOSFET power module, like the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-mosfet-module\/\">PEB-800-40<\/a> or the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\">PEB8038<\/a>, as a switching cell, the implemented circuit&#8217;s schematic is presented below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_MOSFET_schematic_2-1-1024x629.png\" alt=\"MOSFET step-down buck converter\" class=\"wp-image-47687\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.627997931346564;width:409px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_MOSFET_schematic_2-1-1024x629.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_MOSFET_schematic_2-1-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_MOSFET_schematic_2-1-768x471.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_MOSFET_schematic_2-1-1536x943.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_MOSFET_schematic_2-1.png 1559w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck converter built with a MOSFET based imperix module<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this case, since MOSFET&#8217;s body diodes perform poorly, significant losses will be dissipated when the upper switch is open.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To avoid this issue, reverse conduction of the bottom MOSFET is generally used instead. Indeed, using a PWM signal to drive the low-side transistor as well, the current will go through the channel of the transistor and not the body diode. This technique, called synchronous rectification, therefore improves the efficiency of the buck converter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note that with synchronous rectification, the converter can only operate in CCM, since the current can flow in both directions in the bottom MOSFET.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-sizing-the-passive-components\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sizing-the-passive-components\"><\/span>Sizing the passive components<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The switching of the transistors induces current and thus voltage ripples in the output stage. The current ripples&#8217; amplitude \\(\\Delta I_{out}\\) is determined by the following equation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">$$ \\Delta I_{out} = V_{in} \\frac{D(1-D)}{Lf_{sw}}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The voltage ripple&#8217;s amplitude follows the equation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">$$\\Delta V_{out} = V_{in} \\frac{D(1-D)}{8 L C f_{sw}^2}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defining an acceptable value for the ripple&#8217;s amplitude for a given input voltage, frequency, and duty cycle allows sizing the passive components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, with an input voltage of 100 V, an output voltage of 20 V, and a frequency of 20 kHz, using an off-the-shelf inductor of 2.36 mH, the current ripple would have a magnitude of \\(\\Delta I_{out} = 0.34\\) A. Adding an output capacitance of 2 mF would then result in an output voltage ripple magnitude of \\(\\Delta V_{out} = 1\\) mV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-b-box-b-board-implementation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B-Box-B-Board-implementation\"><\/span>B-Box \/ B-Board implementation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Software-resources\"><\/span>Software resources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The provided Simulink and PLECS models implement a simple open-loop control for the step-down buck converter using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a> for simulation and code generation. The converter is assumed to be operating in CCM. The duty cycle of the PWM signals is then computed by dividing the desired reference output voltage by the measured input voltage in a feedforward fashion. The figures below show an overview of the algorithm implementation on Simulink and PLECS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 id=\"h-simulink\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Simulink<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-54a28ba9-ef22-4a36-a076-4c4419f43a45\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100_Buck_Openloop_Simulink.zip\">TN100_Buck_Openloop_Simulink<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100_Buck_Openloop_Simulink.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-54a28ba9-ef22-4a36-a076-4c4419f43a45\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"958\" height=\"728\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-simulink-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47659\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-simulink-1.png 958w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-simulink-1-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-simulink-1-768x584.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 958px) 100vw, 958px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck converter control implementation on Simulink<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 id=\"h-plecs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">PLECS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-2c01ee68-ee91-4574-8da9-ae50ba290e87\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100_Buck_Openloop_PLECS.zip\">TN100_Buck_Openloop_PLECS<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100_Buck_Openloop_PLECS.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-2c01ee68-ee91-4574-8da9-ae50ba290e87\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"516\" height=\"409\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-plecs.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-plecs.png 516w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN100-plecs-300x238.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck converter control implementation on PLECS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-experimental-results\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-results\"><\/span>Experimental results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The output voltage and current are measured using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module\">Scope<\/a> in Cockpit. The transient response of the converter is shown when a step is applied to the reference voltage between 0 V and 25 V. Ripples in the output voltage and current, along with PWM signals, are observed using the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module#oversampling\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module#oversampling\">oversampled signals<\/a> provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\">B-Box 4<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_transient.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_transient.png 940w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_transient-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_transient-768x468.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Output voltage, current, and gate drive signals.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By adding a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/voltage-sensors\/#vsr-500-hbw\">VSR-500-HBW<\/a> voltage sensor and a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/voltage-sensors\/#csr-25-hbw\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/voltage-sensors\/#csr-25-hbw\">CSR-25-HBW<\/a> current sensor on the \\(V_{AC}\\) connection of the power module, the leg voltage \\(V_{leg}\\) along with the current ripples \\(I_{out}\\) are measured. As expected, when \\(V_{leg}\\) is equal to 100 V (on-state of the bottom switch), the output current rises. On the other hand, when \\(V_{leg}\\) is 0 V (off-state of the bottom switch), the current falls.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"358\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_switching_and_ripples_v2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-48586\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.823936266521818;width:692px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_switching_and_ripples_v2.png 653w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck_switching_and_ripples_v2-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Leg voltage \\(V_{AC}\\) (green) and output current (pink) measurements<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, measurements of the normalized current and voltage were performed at different frequencies to experimentally confirm the conduction mode theory.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Conduction_mode.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Conduction_mode.png 400w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Conduction_mode-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Continuous and discontinuous conduction mode<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The experimental results at a duty cycle of 0.2 show excellent agreement with the theoretical values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-academic-references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780203913628\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780203913628\">[1]<\/a> Shepherd, William and Zhang, Li; &#8220;Power Converter Circuits&#8221;; 2004<br><a href=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/987552\/files\/p185.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/987552\/files\/p185.pdf\">[2]<\/a> P. Barrade; &#8220;Switched-mode converters (one quadrant)&#8221;; 2006<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This technical note describes the operating principles of a step-down buck converter. A possible open-loop control implementation of this converter, targeting the&nbsp;B-Box 4 with both&nbsp;C\/C++&nbsp;and&nbsp;automated&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":48462,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"software-environments":[103,104],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,92,166,112,111],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[126,128],"user-manuals":[],"coauthors":[64,102],"class_list":["post-6286","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-implementation","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-micro","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-peb","related-products-pm","tutorials-current-controlled-buck-converter","tutorials-single-phase-totem-pole-pfc-rectifier"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Step-down buck converter - imperix power electronics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This note details the working principle of a DC to DC buck (step-down) converter. 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