{"id":6824,"date":"2021-08-30T06:39:08","date_gmt":"2021-08-30T06:39:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=6824"},"modified":"2021-08-30T12:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-30T12:00:00","slug":"buck-boost-converter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter","title":{"rendered":"Buck-boost converter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#What-is-a-buck-boost-converter\" >What is a buck-boost converter?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#Continuous-and-discontinuous-conduction-mode\" >Continuous and discontinuous conduction mode<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#Buck-boost-converter-implementation-with-imperix-power-modules\" >Buck-boost converter implementation with imperix power modules<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#Effect-of-parasitic-components\" >Effect of parasitic components<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#Passive-component-selection\" >Passive component selection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#B-Box-and-B-Board-implementation\" >B-Box and B-Board implementation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#Software-resources\" >Software resources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#Experimental-results\" >Experimental results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/buck-boost-converter\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This technical note describes the operating principles of a buck-boost converter. A possible open-loop control implementation of this converter, targeting the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\">B-Box 4<\/a> with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">automated code generation<\/a>&nbsp;approaches, as well as experimental results are presented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/boost_setup-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47831\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/boost_setup-2.jpg 850w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/boost_setup-2-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/boost_setup-2-768x423.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck-boost converter testbench<br>(Passive components and power supply not sold by imperix)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-a-buck-boost-converter\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What-is-a-buck-boost-converter\"><\/span>What is a buck-boost converter?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A step-down buck converter is a type of DC to DC switched-mode power converter, like the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\">Step-down buck converter<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-up-boost-converter\">Step-up boost converter.<\/a> It can be considered as the combination of a buck and a boost converter since it is able to step down and step up the input voltage according to [1]. In an ideal buck-boost converter, the output voltage ranges from 0 to \\(\\infty\\). The specificity of this converter is the inverted polarity of the output voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The converter&#8217;s schematic is presented below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_basic_schematic_2-1024x413.png\" alt=\"buck-boost converter generic\" class=\"wp-image-47696\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.534826371414192;width:321px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_basic_schematic_2-1024x413.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_basic_schematic_2-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_basic_schematic_2-768x310.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_basic_schematic_2.png 1288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck-boost converter schematic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The input-to-output voltage relation for a buck-boost converter is described by the following equation: $$V_{out} = -\\frac{D}{1-D} V_{in}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The minus sign on the equation&#8217;s left side explains the inverting property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-continuous-and-discontinuous-conduction-mode\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continuous-and-discontinuous-conduction-mode\"><\/span>Continuous and discontinuous conduction mode<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similar to the buck and boost converter, the buck-boost converter can also operate in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode, depending on the inductor current. For more information on the conduction modes, please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\">Step-down buck converter<\/a>&nbsp;note. Also, a plot of the operating mode boundaries can be found in [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-buck-boost-converter-implementation-with-imperix-power-modules\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buck-boost-converter-implementation-with-imperix-power-modules\"><\/span>Buck-boost converter implementation with imperix power modules<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The implementation of the converter using imperix&#8217;s power modules is illustrated by the schematic below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_schematic_imperix_2-1024x607.png\" alt=\"buck-boost converter IGBT\" class=\"wp-image-47695\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.6869975884244373;width:423px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_schematic_imperix_2-1024x607.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_schematic_imperix_2-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_schematic_imperix_2-768x456.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_schematic_imperix_2-1536x911.png 1536w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Buck-boost_schematic_imperix_2.png 1713w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck-boost converter with an IGBT based imperix module<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only the high-side IGBT is driven in this case. However, if a MOSFET power module is used, it is recommended to drive both transistors for synchronous rectification. This subject is further detailed in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-down-buck-converter\">Step-down buck converter<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note that the power module&#8217;s capacitor, highlighted in red on the schematic, is connected between \\(V_{in}\\) and \\(V_{out}\\). This capacitor does not affect the correct behavior of the circuit. However, several practical details are to be kept in mind when doing experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, since the output voltage polarity is inverted, the voltage across the module&#8217;s capacitor is \\(V_{in} &#8211; V_{out} = V_{in} + |V_{out}|\\). The designer should then be careful not to exceed the maximum DC bus voltage rating. Second, a protection diode should be placed after the power supply. Indeed, when the converter is turned off, the output voltage goes back to zero. Since the VDC+ terminal of the module is floating, its voltage will rise to V_{in} + |V_{out}|, resulting in potential reverse current flow in the power supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last but not least, if a polarized capacitor is used at the output, make sure to connect it in the correct way, meaning the plus terminal to ground, since the output voltage polarity is inverted!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-effect-of-parasitic-components\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effect-of-parasitic-components\"><\/span>Effect of parasitic components<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Having similar characteristics to the boost, the buck-boost also suffers from non-idealities [2]. Taking the inductor&#8217;s parasitic resistance into account, the new transfer function becomes: $$V_{out} = -V_{in}* \\frac{D}{1-D} \\frac{1}{1+\\frac{R_L}{R(1-D)^2}} $$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information, please look at the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/step-up-boost-converter\">Step-up boost converter<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-passive-component-selection\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Passive-component-selection\"><\/span>Passive component selection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The switching of the transistors induces inductor current and output voltage ripples. The current ripples\u2019 amplitude&nbsp;\\(\\Delta I_{L}\\)&nbsp;are determined by the following equation: $$ \\Delta I_{L} = V_{in} \\frac{D}{Lf_{sw}}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The voltage ripple\u2019s amplitude follows the equation: $$ \\Delta V_{out} = V_{in} \\frac{D^2}{RCf_{sw}(1-D)}$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defining an acceptable value for the ripple\u2019s amplitude, for a given input voltage, frequency, and duty cycle, allows for the computation of the passive components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, with an input voltage of 100 V, an output voltage of 150 V, and a frequency of 20 kHz, using an off-the-shelf inductor of 2.36 mH, the current ripple would have a magnitude of\u00a0\\(\\Delta I_{out} = 1.27\\)\u00a0A. Adding an output capacitance of 2 mF and a resistor of 60 \u03a9 would then result in an output voltage ripple magnitude of\u00a0\\(\\Delta V_{out} = 37.5\\) mV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-b-box-and-b-board-implementation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B-Box-and-B-Board-implementation\"><\/span>B-Box and B-Board implementation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-software-resources\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Software-resources\"><\/span>Software resources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The provided Simulink and PLECS models implement a simple open-loop control for the converter using the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/software\/acg-sdk\/\">ACG SDK<\/a>&nbsp;for simulation and code generation. Isolating the duty cycle from the aforementioned CCM transfer function gives $$ D = \\frac{V_{out}}{V_{out}-V_{in}}$$ The duty cycle for the PWM is then computed with the measured input voltage and the reference output voltage, in a feedforward fashion. The figure below shows an overview of the Simulink algorithm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 id=\"h-simulink\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Simulink<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-31e18302-fc24-436b-aca7-927f3e149a24\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102_BuckBoost_Openloop_Simulink.zip\">TN102_BuckBoost_Openloop_Simulink<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102_BuckBoost_Openloop_Simulink.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-31e18302-fc24-436b-aca7-927f3e149a24\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-simulink-1024x575.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47863\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-simulink-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-simulink-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-simulink-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-simulink.png 1364w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck-boost converter control Simulink implementation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 id=\"h-plecs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">PLECS<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-32cd99be-d066-44be-b849-531a481e935f\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102_BuckBoost_Openloop_PLECS.zip\">TN102_BuckBoost_Openloop_PLECS<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102_BuckBoost_Openloop_PLECS.zip\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-32cd99be-d066-44be-b849-531a481e935f\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-plecs.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-plecs.png 643w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/TN102-plecs-300x188.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buck-boost converter control PLECS implementation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-experimental-results\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Experimental-results\"><\/span>Experimental results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two following plots show the voltage step-up and step-down capabilities of the buck-boost converter as well as the inductor current ripples. The buck-boost is, in this case, able to change its output voltage from 50 V to 150 V. The converter operates in buck mode for output voltages between 50 V and 100 V, and in boost mode for voltages between 100 V and 150 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"971\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Transient_buck_boost.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47840\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Transient_buck_boost.png 971w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Transient_buck_boost-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Transient_buck_boost-768x404.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 971px) 100vw, 971px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following figure shows the inductor current ripple and PWM signal for an output voltage of 150 V, plotted using <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module#oversampling\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/scope-module#oversampling\">oversampled signals<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rcp-controller\/\">B-Box 4<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"970\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Steady_state.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47841\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Steady_state.png 970w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Steady_state-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Steady_state-768x405.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-academic-reference\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Mohan, Undeland, Robbins: \u201cPower Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design\u201d, 2002<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/slva059b\/slva059b.pdf?ts=1630278830832&amp;ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fproduct%252FUC3844\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/slva059b\/slva059b.pdf?ts=1630278830832&amp;ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fproduct%252FUC3844\">[2]<\/a> Texas Instruments: &#8220;Understanding Inverting Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies&#8221;, Application Report SLVA059B, March 1999 revised March 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This technical note describes the operating principles of a buck-boost converter. A possible open-loop control implementation of this converter, targeting the&nbsp;B-Box 4 with&nbsp;automated code generation&nbsp;approaches,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":8143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"software-environments":[103,104],"provided-results":[108],"related-products":[50,32,92,166,112,111],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[],"user-manuals":[],"coauthors":[64,102],"class_list":["post-6824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-implementation","software-environments-matlab","software-environments-plecs","provided-results-experimental","related-products-acg-sdk","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-b-box-micro","related-products-b-box-rcp-3-0","related-products-peb","related-products-pm"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buck-boost converter - imperix<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This note details the working principle of a buck-boost converter. 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