{"id":9082,"date":"2021-11-23T11:59:40","date_gmt":"2021-11-23T11:59:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/?p=9082"},"modified":"2025-05-07T10:04:48","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T10:04:48","slug":"variable-speed-drive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive","title":{"rendered":"How to build a variable speed drive"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Variable-speed-drive-with-a-voltage-source-inverter\" >Variable speed drive with a voltage source inverter<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Reversible-DC-source\" >Reversible DC source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Unidirectional-DC-source\" >Unidirectional DC source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Variable-speed-drive-with-custom-active-front-end\" >Variable speed drive with custom active front-end<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Variable-speed-drive-for-a-dual-motor-testbench\" >Variable speed drive for a dual-motor testbench<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Shared-DC-bus\" >Shared DC bus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/variable-speed-drive\/#Custom-active-front-end-with-two-machines\" >Custom active front-end with two machines<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>This page gives an overview of possible variable speed drive (VSD) configurations and how to implement them using imperix solutions. Thanks to a modular approach, <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power-inverter-modules\/\">imperix power modules<\/a> allow building various converter topologies according to the customer&#8217;s needs. When combined with the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP controller<\/a>, dedicated hardware protections safeguard the system against unexpected fault conditions. Additionally, the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/electric-motor-drive-bundle\/#Motor_interface\">Motor Interface for <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/document\/Motor_interface_Datasheet.pdf\">B-Box RCP<\/a> supports various sensors related to motor applications, such as position or torque measurements. Thus, it is possible to build a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/electric-motor-drive-bundle\/\">complete drive<\/a> with imperix solutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">Variable speed drives are also referred to as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nema.org\/standards\/view\/adjustable-speed-electrical-power-drive-systems-part-1-general-requirements-rating-specifications-for-low-voltage\">adjustable speed drives<\/a> (NEMA) or <a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/30919\">variable frequency drives<\/a> (IEC).<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-variable-speed-drive-with-a-voltage-source-inverter\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Variable-speed-drive-with-a-voltage-source-inverter\"><\/span>Variable speed drive with a voltage source inverter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-reversible-dc-source\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reversible-DC-source\"><\/span>Reversible DC source<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The schematic below illustrates the most simple topology for a variable speed drive: a two-level three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) supplied by a reversible DC source drives the motor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"524\" height=\"176\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Variable_speed-drive-reversible_DC-sources.png\" alt=\"Topology of a variable speed drive a reversible DC source and a VSI\" class=\"wp-image-10058\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Variable_speed-drive-reversible_DC-sources.png 524w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Variable_speed-drive-reversible_DC-sources-300x101.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\" \/><figcaption>Topology of a variable speed drive a reversible DC source and a VSI<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The power stage can be built using half-bridge power modules such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/sic-power-module\/\">PEB8024<\/a> and&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/half-bridge-module\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PEB 8038<\/a>. At first glance, only the current rating differentiates both modules. However, there are additional criteria to consider for motor applications: the rise and fall times of the semiconductors. Indeed, the power cables of the machines have a parasitic RLC component. Thus, the semiconductors produce a transient over-voltage at every switching event, which may lead to leakage currents flowing through the insulation of the windings (partial discharge). This phenomenon wears out the insulation and shortens the life of the machine. Imperix recommends using PEB8038 modules rather than PEB8024 because their longer rise and fall times result in lower transient overvoltages. Each power module features a set of capacitors on the DC side, as well as built-in measurements of the DC bus voltage and line current. While imperix does not manufacture reversible DC sources, it can provide off-the-shelf power supplies from a third-party manufacturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the control side, the converter is controlled by a B-Box RCP&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">programmable controller<\/a>. It features dedicated&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/help\/analog-front-end-configuration-on-b-box-rcp\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hardware protection circuits<\/a>&nbsp;linked to its analog inputs. In case an overvoltage or overcurrent is detected, the PWM outputs are immediately disabled and the machine is safely de-energized. The functionalities of the controller can be extended for drive applications by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/electric-motor-drive-bundle\/#Motor_interface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Motor Interface for B-Box RCP<\/a>. This interface features extensive connectivity for position, temperature, and torque measurements, as well as all the necessary signal conditioning and power supplies required by these external sensors. The figure below illustrates how the various parts of the variable speed drive can be rack-mounted into a cabinet for ease of use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/electric-motor-drive-bundle\/\">Electric Motor Drive Bundle<\/a> includes a pair of motors and all the necessary hardware to build a variable speed drive with a voltage source inverter.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_drive-cabinet-1024x577.png\" alt=\"Integration of the variable speed drive into a cabinet\" class=\"wp-image-10111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_drive-cabinet-1024x577.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_drive-cabinet-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_drive-cabinet-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_drive-cabinet.png 1097w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Implementation of a single variable speed drive with the Electric Motor Drive Bundle<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-unidirectional-dc-source\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unidirectional-DC-source\"><\/span>Unidirectional DC source<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When a machine operates in regenerating mode, part of the braking energy can be recovered and transferred to the DC side. However, if the DC source is unidirectional, this energy will accumulate in the DC bus capacitance and cause its voltage to rise. A braking chopper resistor allows dissipating the excess of power and protects the DC bus against overvoltages. In this case, the topology of the variable speed drive requires an additional power module to connect or disconnect the chopper resistor from the DC bus, as illustrated below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"646\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Non-reversible_DC-sources_braking-chopper-1.png\" alt=\"Variable speed drive topology with a unidirectional DC source and a braking chopper\" class=\"wp-image-10061\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Non-reversible_DC-sources_braking-chopper-1.png 646w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Non-reversible_DC-sources_braking-chopper-1-300x84.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><figcaption>Variable speed drive topology with a unidirectional DC source and a braking chopper<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The experimental setup from the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/field-oriented-control-of-pmsm\">TN111<\/a> is a typical example using this topology. The device under test is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) driven by a VSI and controlled with a Field-Oriented Control (FOC) technique. Since this method allows regenerative operation of the drive, the DC source has to be either bidirectional or protected by a braking chopper. The Simulink model from the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/field-oriented-control-of-pmsm\">TN111<\/a> includes the control of the braking chopper. For PLECS users, a model is available for download in the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/motor-speed-control\">TN114<\/a>. Please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/direct-torque-control\">AN004<\/a> for more details on the braking chopper control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-variable-speed-drive-with-custom-active-front-end\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Variable-speed-drive-with-custom-active-front-end\"><\/span>Variable speed drive with custom active front-end<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Off-the-shelf bidirectional DC sources are convenient to supply the DC bus. However, building a custom active front-end (AFE) is also an option. The schematic below presents a possible topology for the AFE: an inverter with an LCL filter replaces the DC source, which results in a&nbsp;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/back-to-back-three-phase-converter\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">back-to-back<\/a>&nbsp;configuration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Back-to-Back-Inverters-1.png\" alt=\"Custom active front-end implementation\" class=\"wp-image-10093\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Back-to-Back-Inverters-1.png 777w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Back-to-Back-Inverters-1-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Back-to-Back-Inverters-1-768x208.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><figcaption>Custom active front-end implementation<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-simple-alerts-for-gutenberg-alert-boxes sab-alert sab-alert-info\" role=\"alert\">Imperix&#8217;s modular approach allows tailoring the hardware configuration of the VSD from standard products. Add a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/power\/filter-box\/\">passives rack<\/a> and a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/accessories\/#grid-panel\">grid connection panel<\/a> to the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/electric-motor-drive-bundle\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Electric Motor Drive Bundle<\/a>\u00a0and rewire the power stage to implement a custom AFE.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-variable-speed-drive-for-a-dual-motor-testbench\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Variable-speed-drive-for-a-dual-motor-testbench\"><\/span>Variable speed drive for a dual-motor testbench<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-shared-dc-bus\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shared-DC-bus\"><\/span>Shared DC bus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A dual-motor testbench provides a convenient platform to validate control techniques for high-performance variable speed drives. The first machine is the device under test (DUT), while the second motor acts as a programmable load. In this case, each machine could have its dedicated power stage and controller. However, the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/control\/rapid-prototyping-controller\/\">B-Box RCP<\/a> features enough computational power and I\/Os to handle two power stages at once. Additionally, the Motor Interface provides connectivity for two machines. For these reasons, both machines can share a single control stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this type of setup, one machine operates as a motor and drives the other one. Thus, the second machine is in generator mode. If both power stages share the same DC bus, the power circulates in a loop through the DC bus and the shaft. This convenient configuration requires a single DC source to compensate for the losses. The two following figures present the topology of such a variable speed drive and its implementation with the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/products\/electric-motor-drive-bundle\/\">Electric Motor Drive Bundle<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"607\" height=\"176\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/SharedDC__link.png\" alt=\"Dual-motor configuration with a shared DC bus\" class=\"wp-image-10099\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/SharedDC__link.png 607w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/SharedDC__link-300x87.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" \/><figcaption>Dual-motor configuration with a shared DC bus<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_dual_drive-cabinet-1024x577.png\" alt=\"Implementation of the dual-motor configuration with a shared DC bus\" class=\"wp-image-10113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_dual_drive-cabinet-1024x577.png 1024w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_dual_drive-cabinet-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_dual_drive-cabinet-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Integration_of_the_dual_drive-cabinet.png 1097w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Implementation of a dual-motor drive with the Electric Motor Drive Bundle<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/electric-car-motor-control\">AN011<\/a> presents a dual-motor testbench application where the DUT is the PMSM of an electric car. The drive implements the cascaded speed control presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/motor-speed-control\">TN114<\/a> and follows a standardized <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wltpfacts.eu\/\">WLTP speed profile<\/a>. As for the second machine, it emulates the physics of the car to produce a realistic load torque. The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/vf-control-induction-machine\">TN138<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/rotor-field-oriented-control\">TN139<\/a> provide more generic examples where the user specifies speed and torque setpoints for the machines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-custom-active-front-end-with-two-machines\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Custom-active-front-end-with-two-machines\"><\/span>Custom active front-end with two machines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sharing the DC bus between the drives is convenient since it only requires a single DC power supply. However, this is not a suitable option if the device under test features an active front-end. Let us consider an example to illustrate the problem. The system presented in the figure below allows emulating a grid-tied wind turbine: the load machine emulates the torque produced by the wind on the shaft. Then, the generator under test converts the mechanical energy into an electrical one. Finally, the AFE transfers the power available at the DC bus to the AC grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"615\" height=\"139\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Independant_power__stages.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Independant_power__stages.png 615w, https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Independant_power__stages-300x68.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><figcaption>Wind turbine emulator with a custom active front-end<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In terms of power flow, the energy is transferred from the torque source to the AC grid through the following parts: the shaft, the generator, the variable speed drive, and the active front-end. If the machines were sharing the same DC bus, the power would circulate in a loop through the DC bus and the shaft without passing through the AFE. For this reason, the torque source machine requires its own DC bus and supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/wind-turbine-generator-control-using-a-sensorless-algorithm\">AN012<\/a> explains how to emulate the physics of a wind turbine with the load machine. The generator operates with a sensorless FOC (<a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/sensorless-motor-control\">TN136<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/i-f-startup-method\">TN137<\/a>) and implements a <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/implementation\/maximum-power-point-tracking-mppt\">Maximum Power Point Tracking<\/a> (MPPT) algorithm. While the Simulink model from the <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/wind-turbine-generator-control-using-a-sensorless-algorithm\">AN012<\/a> uses a shared DC bus topology, it can be adapted to integrate the active front-end from <a href=\"https:\/\/imperix.com\/doc\/example\/back-to-back-three-phase-converter\">AN005<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page gives an overview of possible variable speed drive (VSD) configurations and how to implement them using imperix solutions. Thanks to a modular approach,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":10128,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[18],"software-environments":[],"provided-results":[],"related-products":[32,114],"guidedreadings":[],"tutorials":[124],"user-manuals":[147],"coauthors":[62],"class_list":["post-9082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-help","tag-motor-drives","related-products-b-box-rcp","related-products-motor","tutorials-field-oriented-control","user-manuals-motor-testbench"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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