Getting started with Imperix Power library

Imperix Power library is a blockset contained within the imperix ACG SDK that provides rapid and accurate modeling of imperix power products. It allows practicality and accuracy for the plant model during the offline simulation phase. This blockset is available in Simulink and PLECS.

This product note summarizes all the useful information to get started with the Imperix Power library and provides an example of simulating a three-phase PV inverter with the Imperix Power library.

What is the Imperix Power library?

Currently, the Imperix Power library comprises nine blocks, providing simulation models for all the imperix power products. The blocks are classified per circuit topology. For instance, all the half-bridge power modules are included in one PEB block with optional variants PEB 8038, PEB 8024, and PEB 4050. The library content is listed below.

Product name	Block name	Variants
Half-bridge module	PEB	PEB8038, PEB8024, PEB4050
Full-bridge module	PEH	PEH2015, PEH4010
NPC Phase-leg	PEN	PEN8018
Grid connection panel	GCP	AC 230V, AC 110V
Programmable inverter	TPI	–
Passive filters box	PFB	–
Motor testbench	MTB	–
±800 V voltage sensor	DIN800V	–
±50 A current sensor	DIN50A	–

Overall, the modeling procedure of an imperix power product can be divided into two individual tasks, namely:

• Modeling of the peripheral circuits, including the power circuits (DC bus, filters, other passive components, …) and the sensors.
• Modeling of the power transistors, either modeled by switched devices or controlled voltage/current sources.

The blocks in the Imperix Power library provide two configuration parameters, Modeling level and Transistor model type, for flexible switching between different models. These configurations are addressed in detail in the following sections.

Modeling levels

The Imperix Power library offers two options for modeling levels for all the blocks:

• (A) Simple
• (B) Detailed

As the name indicates, the (A) Simple level is a simplified model that only considers the main components in the circuit. Most of the characteristics at the high-frequency range are ignored to achieve a faster simulation speed. Therefore, the Simple level is mostly preferable for system-level modeling. On the other hand, the (B) Detailed level ensures higher modeling accuracy at the cost of increased simulation time. Thus, it is more suitable for circuit-level modeling that requires higher accuracy.

The simulation model is relevant within a given frequency range. The frequency validity range is 0-4 kHz for the (A) Simple level and 0-100 kHz for the (B) Detailed level. In that range, the impedance and transfer function of the model are reasonably close to the modeled system.

Please note that both modeling levels only include models in the differential mode. This is because the common-mode characteristics mostly lie in the frequency range of up to hundreds of kilohertz to megahertz, which is far above the analog bandwidth of an imperix controller. However, there is only one exception in the TPI model, which provides an extra modeling level:

• (C) Detailed common mode

The frequency validity range of (C) Detailed common mode is also 0-100 kHz. Compared with level (B), it includes the common-mode feedback path between the AC EMC filter and the DC bus. For a detailed explanation of why common-mode modeling can be important in the TPI, even in the low-frequency range, please refer to the dedicated software page for the TPI.

Modeling of power circuits

As previously explained, the parameters of the plant models are chosen so that the difference between the model and measured results is minimized. The figure below shows the transfer function of the TPI AC EMC filter model versus measured results as an example. For more detailed information on the model of a certain power product, please read the dedicated software reference page.

It is important to distinguish “the frequency validity range” in which the simulation model of the plant is reasonably close to reality and the control or switching frequencies of the controller. It is usually not necessary that the converter control and switching frequencies are within the frequency validity range of the plant model. Modeling inaccuracies at 40dB or below are usually negligible. With most of the imperix knowledge base examples that use 20kHz controller frequency, the (A) Simple model provides sufficient accuracy.

Modeling of sensors

A sensor can be approximately modeled by an ideal sensor in series with an optional 1st-order Low-Pass Filter (LPF). The relationship between sensor’s bandwidth \(f_{BW}\) and the time constant \(\tau\) of the LPF follows \(\tau = \frac{1}{2\pi f_{BW}}\).

A sensor is modeled as a first-order LPF only if its bandwidth lies within the frequency range of a given modeling level. Otherwise, it is modeled as an ideal sensor. The following table summarizes the information on all the sensors in the Imperix Power library.

Sensor	Bandwidth [kHz]	(A) Simple	(B) Detailed
DIN800V	100	Ideal	LPF
DIN50A	200	Ideal	Ideal
PEB voltage	8	Ideal	LPF
PEB current	280	Ideal	Ideal
PEH voltage	25	Ideal	LPF
PEH current	120	Ideal	Ideal
NPC voltage	25	Ideal	LPF
NPC current	450	Ideal	Ideal
TPI DC voltage	10	Ideal	LPF
TPI module current	360	Ideal	Ideal
TPI AC voltage/current	200	Ideal	Ideal

Transistor model type

The Imperix Power library offers two options for modeling the power transistors:

• Switched The power transistors are modeled by individual switches. Their control inputs are instantaneous logical gate signals.
• Averaged The switches are modeled by controlled voltage and current sources. Their control inputs are the relative on-times of the transistors with values between 0 and 1. The gate signals can be either instantaneous (using only values 0 and 1) or time-averaged.

Although the functionality is practically the same, these options are named differently in PLECS and Simulink Simscape to be consistent with their naming conventions.

This option is only available for the models that contain power transistors, including PEB, PEH, PEN, and TPI. In particular, the PEN block in Simulink only has the Switched model.

How to use the Imperix Power library?

Typical use case scenarios

In practice, a high modeling accuracy is usually achieved at the cost of increased simulation time. The typical use case of the Imperix Power library is shown below.

Typical use case	(A) Simple Preferable for power system users	(B) Detailed Preferable for power electronics users	(C) Detailed common mode Only available in TPI
(A) Switched Preferable in switch-level simulation	• Voltage / current control at low frequency, typically 20kHz or below; • Phase modulation;	• Voltage / current control at high frequency; • Filter resonances;	• TPI AC precharge; • Space-Vector PWM; • Harmonics injection;
(B) Averaged Preferable in system-level or HIL simulation	• Power flow control; • Energy management; • System-level operation (energizing, discharge, state machines); • Primary, secondary, and tertiary control;	/	/

Please note that this table is more of a recommendation than a hard limit.

Use the averaged model with duty-cycle output from PWM blocks

The Averaged model can also accept duty-cycle inputs between 0 and 1. In this case, the PWM modulator can be removed from the simulation model and the simulation time can be significantly reduced. To use this feature, open the CB-PWM block in Simulink or PLECS, and find the Simulation output type option.

When the simulation output type is set to Duty-cycle, the output of the CB-PWM block will be updated at the end of each controller step, and the PWM phase will be ignored. Therefore, this option is not suitable for phase modulation techniques, such as TN115.

Global configuration of the blocks

The options of Modeling level and Transistor model type can be set individually for each block. However, for a large plant model with numerous blocks from the Imperix Power library, a global configuration for all the blocks is usually preferred. The global configuration is available in both Simulink and PLECS.

Simulink

In Simulink, the global configuration of the Imperix Power library blocks is managed by the Config block. The detailed procedure is as follows:

1. In the Simulink model, open the block where the global configuration is to be applied. Tick the box Use global configurations. Note that the global configuration will only be applied to blocks with this box ticked. The other blocks will have their local configuration unchanged.

2. In the Simulink model, open the Config block, go to the Power library tab, and select the proper options for Modeling level and Transistor model type here. As the averaged model is usually used together with the duty-cycle outputs from the CB-PWM blocks, the simulation output type of CB-PWM and TPI CB-PWM is also globally configured here.

3. Click on the button to apply changes to CB-PWM and power library blocks. The changes will be applied only when the button is clicked and not automatically updated each time at the beginning of the simulation.

PLECS

In PLECS, the global configuration can be easily controlled by a global variable using the <reference> option in the masked block. The detailed procedure is as follows:

1. In the PLECS model, open the Simulation parameters window (Ctrl + E) and go to the Initialization tab.
2. Define two variables modeling_level and transistor_model_type in the Model initialization commands, so that these two variables will be initialized during compilation. The values of these two variables are as follows:

Variable	= 1	= 2
modeling_level	(A) Simple	(B) Detailed
transistor_model_type	Switched	Sub-cycle average

3. Open the PLECS block where the global configuration is to be applied, choose <reference> for Modeling level and Model of power module options, and then put the two variables inside.

4. Change the values of the two variables to apply a different global configuration. The changes will be automatically applied each time at the beginning of the simulation.

Frequently encountered problems

This section summarizes some frequently encountered problems and solutions when using the Imperix Power library.

Powergui settings in Simulink

As introduced in PN135, it’s recommended to use a Continuous plant model for an accurate and efficient simulation. Particularly, when using Imperix Power library blocks in MATLAB R2016a, it’s also recommended to tick the box Use ideal switching devices. Otherwise, Simulink may report an error when simulating the relays included in the TPI and GCP blocks.

Initial states in Simulink

For those blocks including DC bus capacitors, the initial voltage across the DC bus can be defined from the block’s mask. However, when multiple DC bus capacitors with initial voltages are connected in parallel, Simulink may report a warning of the initial state conflict. This warning usually occurs when simulating with the (A) Simple modeling level, where the DC bus is modeled by ideal capacitors without Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR).

The initial state conflict will not affect the simulation results, as long as all the DC bus capacitors in parallel have the same initial voltage. However, it can be quite annoying to see these pop-up windows at the beginning of each simulation. Unfortunately, there is no good way to actively hide this warning message. As a possible workaround, the initial state conflict can be resolved by simulating the ESRs of DC bus capacitors using (B) Detailed modeling level.

Sensor sensitivity in PLECS ADC blocks

Starting from ACG SDK 2024.2, the ADC and TPI ADC blocks in PLECS have the option to Simulate sensor(s) sensitivity(ies). If this option is ticked, the ADC block expects its input to be the physical value of a sensor’s output, and the reciprocal of the sensor sensitivity is applied to the data flow to get the true value in the circuit.

For most of the simulation users, the sensor sensitivity is irrelevant information. It’s much easier to simply ignore the sensor sensitivity in simulation and use true values everywhere. As such, all the Imperix Power library blocks have the real values as block output. When using the Imperix Power library with PLECS ADC blocks, please don’t forget to untick the Simulate sensor(s) sensitivity(ies) option.

On the other hand, the sensor sensitivity can be useful for Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, when the true values must be scaled to RT Box’s analog output range. In this case, a PLECS Probe block can be used to get the sensor output values. Drag the Probe block from the PLECS library into the model that contains the circuit. Double-click the icon to open the probe editor window, and drag the Imperix Power library blocks into the window as shown below.

In the next section, a PLECS model example is provided to show how to deal with the true values and sensor outputs when using the Imperix Power library.

State/source dependence issue

As introduced in this note from Plexim, Simulink and PLECS report the state/source dependence issue when a capacitor is directly in parallel with a voltage source, or an inductor is directly in series with a current source.

When using the Imperix Power library, this problem usually happens when the plant model contains a power module block directly connected to a DC source. This is because the Simple level ignores the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of the DC Bus capacitors. For example, in a plant model of a Buck converter, an error message will pop up in the simulation if the PEB block uses the Simple level.

There are two ways of solving this issue:

1. Use the (B) Detailed level instead for the power modules directly in parallel with a voltage source.
2. Insert a small resistor (typically a few milliohms) in series with the DC source. However, the resistance must be chosen carefully so that it does not influence the system dynamics too much (if it is too large) or create numerical problems (if it is too small).

Compatibility with HIL simulation

The PLECS blocks in the Imperix Power library are compatible with the Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation using the B-Box RCP and Plexim RT-Box (using Plexim’s sub-cycle average model). The PLECS_RT_Box target support package is also required for HIL use.

Getting started example: three-phase PV inverter simulation

The Simulink and PLECS models provided below implement a three-phase PV inverter, where the plant model is built with blocks from the Imperix Power library. The controller model is the same as the one in AN006.

The file below contains the PLECS model with a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) configuration that can be used with the B-Box RCP together with a Plexim RT-Box.

Minimum requirements:

• Imperix ACG SDK 2024.2 or newer.
• For control code development and simulation in Simulink:
  • MATLAB Simulink R2016a or newer.
  • Simscape Electrical
• For control code development and simulation in PLECS:
  • Plexim PLECS 4.5 or newer. The HIL version also required the PLECS_RT_Box target support package.

The example models have the following simulation scenario, which is illustrated by the simulation results below:

• At t=0, the DC bus is already precharged at 500V and the PWMs are not yet activated.
• At t=0.1s, the “activate” variable is set to 1. The PWMs are immediately activated (FSM is bypassed in simulation), the DC bus voltage is regulated at 750V, and the MPPT algorithm converges gradually to the MPP (corresponding to a PV current reference around 18A).
  After the MPPT algorithm has converged (after t=0.22s), the Perturb and Observe algorithm gives a PV current reference that oscillates around the MPP current.
• At t=0.5s, the DC voltage reference is reduced to 700V.
• At t=0.8s, the solar irradiance is reduced (simulation of passing clouds). The MPPT algorithm gradually decreases the PV current reference and reaches the new MPP at around t=1s (corresponding to a PV current reference around 15A).

The simulation time in PLECS is shown below. For a 20kHz control, there is almost no visible difference between the waveforms under different configurations. On the other hand, the simulation time can be significantly reduced by choosing an appropriate plant model. Overall, for most of the 20kHz control applications, it’s recommended to use (A) Simple modeling level and averaged model together with duty-cycle outputs of CB-PWM to achieve fast and accurate simulation.

Model configuration	Simulation time [s]
(A) Simple, switched	38.7736
(B) Detailed, switched	62.1835
(A) Simple, averaged	8.42253
(B) Detailed, averaged	8.66998

To go further

More power library examples are available on the Knowledge Base.

• AN015 – Solid-state transformer (SST) for MV-LV smart grids
• TN132 – Getting started with an NPC converter
• TN138 – V/f control of an induction machine
• TN167 – Grid-Following Inverter (GFLI)